subsequently revised by Schmitt, Schmitt, and Clapham in 2001. It is a tool to measure the written receptive vocabulary knowledge, that is mainly the word knowledge required for reading. The VLT assesses this knowledge of learners at four frequency levels of English word families: 2,000, 3,000, 5,000 and 10,000, hence the name "Levels Test." Versions of this test are available freely on the personal websites of Paul Nation (printable, http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/about/staff/ paul-nation), Tom Cobb (printable and online, http://www.lextutor.ca/tests/), and Norbert Schmitt (printable, www.norbertschmitt.co.uk), the latter two providing the latest revised versions of the test . Versions of the test can also be found in Nation (1990), Schmitt (2000), and Schmitt (2010).Each section of the revised VLT consists of 30 items in a multiple matching format. Three items therefore represent 100 words of any particular frequency band. Items are clustered together in 10 groups for this, so that learners are presented in each cluster with six words in a column on the left and the corresponding meaning senses of three of these in another column on the right. Learners are asked to match each meaning sense in the right-hand column with one single word from the lefthand column. Thus, the test asks learners to recognize the form rather than the meaning, that is, the options are words instead of definitions (Schmitt, 2010). As such, the VLT taps the very basic and initial stages of form-meaning link learning. Example items from three of the levels can be seen in Figure 1.Each cluster targets three words, although some researchers have argued that knowledge of the meaning of the three distractor words is also tested as the test takers need to be familiar with them when they discard them (Read, 1988). Within each level, there is a fixed ratio of word classes to represent the distribution of English word classes. This ratio was 5 (noun) : 3 (verb) : 1 (adjective) in the initial