The Relative Intensity Factor for Lα Radiation Considering the Different Mass Absorption of Lα and Lβ Radiation

Röhrbacher, Kurt; Andrae, Michael; Klein, Peter; Wernisch, J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6555-3_45

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“…The values given by Henke [21] are consistently lower than those used here. If we assume values of 1915 cm 2 g À1 for Co L and 11059 cm 2 g À 1 for Co L [3] the theoretical effective mass absorption coef®cient becomes 3893 cm 2 g À 1 instead of 5251 cm 2 g À 1 . This is very near to the value of 3847 cm 2 g À1 that is found to yield the best results over a wide range of electron energies [22] and is also within 8% of the value of 4162 cm 2 g À1 determined in the present work.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1. X-ray generation probabilities [3] and L, L and effective L-series mass absorption coef®cients (cm 2 g À1 ) for the elements from Ti to As Z Element P L P LLvl ("a&) L ("a&) L ("a&) Lcalc ("a&) Lmeas 22 Ti 4550 26460 9311 23 V 4370 21888 5767 24 Cr 3850 19144 5460 25 Mn 3340 16282 3953 ± The experimental value of the effective mass absorption coef®cient for the Co L peak is in reasonably close agreement with the value of 3847 cm 2 g À1 reported previously to give the most accurate analytical results over a range of electron energies. ± The principal source of error in these measurements, especially at low accelerating voltages, is the presence of oxide and carbon contamination layers on the standards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probabilities of X-ray generation were those used by Ro Èhrbacher et al [3], obtained from the expressions…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values of a L have been determined experimentally [11,12] and, provided that the mass absorption coef®cients of L and L radiation are similar, should be relatively independent of the accelerating voltage. Where this is not the case, a L will depend strongly on the electron energy [3].…”

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Effective L-Series Mass Absorption Coefficients for EDS

Rickerby

Wächter

2000

Mikrochim Acta

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Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has insuf®cient resolution to separate the individual lines of low energy L-series peaks. However, the mass absorption coef®cients for L and L radiation differ signi®cantly for elements with atomic numbers between 21 and 32. Effective mass absorption coef®-cients for the entire L-shell emission were determined by measuring the variation of the X-ray intensities emitted from pure element standards, as a function of the accelerating voltage, and ®tting the experimental data with a theoretical curve using the XMAC software. These experimentally determined mass absorption coef®cients were compared with average values calculated on the basis of the theoretical line intensities, taking into account the primary vacancy generation and the radiationless Coster-Kronig transitions.The component lines of the L-series are not completely resolvable by energy dispersive spectrometry for X-ray energies less than approximately 3 keV. This results in the L and L peaks appearing as a single peak with an energy shift $ 10 eV with respect to the exact L line position. Use of the undeconvoluted L peak for quantitative analysis may therefore lead to large errors in cases where mass absorption differs signi®cantly for the individual lines [1±3]. The elements principally affected are those lying between atomic numbers 21 (scandium) and 32 (germanium), for which the energy of the L line is slightly greater than the ionization energy of the L 3 subshell. Due to the proximity of the absorption edge the mass absorption coef®cients for L radiation in these elements are up to a factor of six higher than for L.An additional source of error in analysis constitutes the uncertainty in the reported values of the mass absorption coef®cients for the L lines of the elements from Ti to Zn [4 ± 6]. The self absorption coef®cient for atoms bonded with atoms of other elements can furthermore vary noticeably from that in the pure element because the electron transition probabilities and X-ray absorption properties are in¯uenced by modi®cations in the structure of the valence band caused by alloying. The 3d transition elements, in which the valence band is incompletely ®lled, are most strongly affected and the self absorption of Ni L in alloys such as Ni-Al or Ni-Zn, for example, is consequently weaker than in the pure metal [7,8].Because of the uncertainties in analysis using soft X-rays, a method has been developed to determine precise values for mass absorption coef®cients by measuring the variation of the emitted line intensity with accelerating voltage. The experimentally measured values of the X-ray emission rate per unit beam current are compared to a theoretical curve computed by the XMAC software [8,9], which is based on the XPP model of X-ray generation. Using an iterative procedure to optimize the ®t a value for the mass absorption coef®cient can be obtained.Two alternative approaches may be used to perform quantitative energy dispersive analysis using compound L-series peaks. In the ®rst, the L intensity is e...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probabilities of X-ray generation were those used by Ro Èhrbacher et al [3], obtained from the expressions…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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