The relative influence of nature and nurture upon mental development, 1928.

Burks, Barbara S.

doi:10.1037/11304-059

Cited by 14 publications

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“…Similar results were obtained in Leahy's (1935) and Burks' (1928) studies, where the mean IQs of children adopted by upper-middle-class families were lower than those of children in the control groups (data reanalysed by Carlier, Roubertoux & Gottesdiener, 1979). In the Leahy study the children adopted into an upper social class had a mean IQof 109, and those of the control group an IQof 118.…”

Section: Comparisons With Interned Reference Groups A' and B' (supporting

confidence: 79%

“…The main purpose of studies of adopted children (Burks, 1928;Horn, Loehlin & Willerman, 1979;Leahy, 1935;Scarr & Weinberg, 1976;Skeels, 1966;Skodak & Skeels, 1949;Tizard & Hedges, 1978;Tizard & Rees, 1975) is to assess the respective importance of nature and nurture. Although these studies differ in their precise objectives, in their hypotheses aind in the details of their methodology, they all demonstrate an increase in mean IQ for children adopted into a favourable environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iq, Scholastic Performance and Behaviour of Sibs Raised in Contrasting Environments

Dumaret

Stewart

1985

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Medium- and long-term effects of types of placement of the offspring of lower class families have been studied. The progeny of 28 mothers was reconstituted. The subjects were divided into three groups: 35 children abandoned and adopted early in privileged environments (A), 46 'biological mother-reared' children remaining in their disadvantaged social environments (B) and 21 children raised in institutions or foster homes (C). Analyses focused on IQ, scholastic performance and behaviour. Results show that the social environment has important effects: the differences between the three groups are very significant. For A and B groups tested in the schools, comparisons were made with the classmates. For the C group the effects of long-term emotional deprivation are superimposed on the effects of the social environment.

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Section: Comparisons With Interned Reference Groups A' and B' (supporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iq, Scholastic Performance and Behaviour of Sibs Raised in Contrasting Environments

Dumaret

Stewart

1985

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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“…The goal of the earliest adoption studies was to assess the role of genetic and environmental influences on IQ (e.g., Burks, 1928;Leahy, 1935;Skodak & Skeels, 1949). These were followed a few decades later by a new group of IQ studies, which included the Minnesota Adoption Study (MAS; Scarr & Weinberg, 1978), the Texas Adoption Project (TAP; Horn, Loehlin, & Willerman, 1979;Loehlin, Horn, & Willerman, 1989), and the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1985;Plomin, Fulker, Corley, & DeFries, 1997).…”

Section: Adoption Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology

Joseph¹

2010

Handbook of Developmental Science, Behavior, and Genetics

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IntroductionThe current consensus position in psychiatry and psychology is that, in addition to environmental factors, genes play an important role in causing psychiatric disorders and variation in ''continuously distributed'' psychological traits (such as personality and IQ). The fields of psychiatric genetics and behavior genetics have produced much of the research supporting this position, which consists of two broad areas of investigation. The first explores how a trait is distributed among various types of biologically related (and sometimes unrelated) people. The most common approaches have been the studies of families, of twins, and of people who have been adopted. These methods are sometimes grouped together under the heading kinship research. The second area is molecular genetic research, which attempts to pin down the actual genes that researchers believe underlie various traits and disorders.Contrary to most academic and popular accounts of this research, in this chapter we will see that studies of families, twins, and adoptees are greatly flawed on several critical dimensions. Moreover, countless sensationalized media reports notwithstanding, researchers have failed to discover the genes they believe underlie DSM-defined psychiatric disorders, and normal variation in psychological traits. Due to space considerations, we will look only at the most frequently cited research methods.If a trait is caused or influenced by hereditary factors, we would expect to find a greater concentration of it among members of the same family, roughly proportional to their degree of genetic relatedness. For example, first-degree biological relatives (such as the siblings, children, or parents of an individual) should manifest the trait more often, or resemble each other to a greater degree, than second-degree

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“…Recent years have seen a considerably increased interest in genetic hypotheses regarding the causes of human behaviour and psychiatric disorders, and a corresponding increase in studies of adoptees designed to study both genetic and environmental factors and their interaction.The "adoptive situation" as a means of studying the genetics of human behaviour was first used in the debate regarding the development of intelligence. The best-known studies of this kind (Freeman et al, 1928;Burks, 1928;Leahy, 1935) indicated that differences in genotypes are more responsible than environmental differences for variations in intelligence within groups.Possibly as a consequence of the controversy concerning the relation of heredity, race, and environment to the development of I.Q. (Jensen, 1969), there has been a growing interest in adoptee studies with the special aim of disentangling the relative importance of nature versus nurture for the development of human intelligence under different socio-economic and racial circumstances (Munsinger, 1975; Scarr-Salapatek, 1975; Scarr and Weinberg, 1976, 1978;Horn et al, 1976).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Interaction of Heredity and Childhood Environment: Some Adoption Studies

Bohman

1981

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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IN STUDIES of the aetiology of abnormal behaviour, two possible causal factors tend to be emphasized: heredity and patterns of familial behaviour that are noxious to the child. These two types of factor may be operating at the same time and very often they are correlated and interact. The larger the number of abnormal genes that occur in the parents, for example, the more likely the parents are to pass these genes on to their children and the more likely they are to behave in abnormal ways with regard to their children.One way of studying the specific contributions of heredity and environment is to investigate subjects separated from their biological parents at an early age and brought up by non-related foster or adoptive parents. In this way, one can largely eliminate the influence of the biological childhood environment. Adoption is a social and legal measure that definitively breaks at least one precondition for the "social heritage'' and studying adoptees and their relatives is consequently one of the few ways of sorting out nature versus nurture problems. Recent years have seen a considerably increased interest in genetic hypotheses regarding the causes of human behaviour and psychiatric disorders, and a corresponding increase in studies of adoptees designed to study both genetic and environmental factors and their interaction.The "adoptive situation" as a means of studying the genetics of human behaviour was first used in the debate regarding the development of intelligence. The best-known studies of this kind (Freeman et al., 1928;Burks, 1928;Leahy, 1935) indicated that differences in genotypes are more responsible than environmental differences for variations in intelligence within groups.Possibly as a consequence of the controversy concerning the relation of heredity, race, and environment to the development of I.Q. (Jensen, 1969), there has been a growing interest in adoptee studies with the special aim of disentangling the relative importance of nature versus nurture for the development of human intelligence under different socio-economic and racial circumstances (Munsinger, 1975; ScarrSalapatek, 1975; Scarr and Weinberg, 1976, 1978;Horn et al., 1976). These studies are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the development of intelligence and how heredity interacts with environment. The controversies between "hereditarians" and "environmentalists" are of course far from settled, and it has been suggested that they may have their origins in a "degenerated" scientific paradigm (Urbach, 1974). Although most adoptee studies clearly show that genetic differences 195

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The relative influence of nature and nurture upon mental development, 1928.

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Iq, Scholastic Performance and Behaviour of Sibs Raised in Contrasting Environments

Iq, Scholastic Performance and Behaviour of Sibs Raised in Contrasting Environments

Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology

The Interaction of Heredity and Childhood Environment: Some Adoption Studies

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