The relative importance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the regulation of muscle mass

Millward, D. J.; Garlick, Peter J.; Nnanyelugo, D. O.; Waterlow, J. C.

doi:10.1042/bj1560185

Cited by 339 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Once again the limitations of these values must be accepted. Certainly this whole body response is different to that of muscle since, as we have shown, synthesis rates in this tissue fall quickly and extensively in starvation and on a protein-free diet (Millward, Garlick, Nnanyelugo & Waterlow, 1976). This seems to be a response of muscle to any regime which interrupts growth.…”

Section: Vol 35mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The energy cost of growth

1976

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Energy requirements for growth can be separated into two components. One is the requirement for substrates from which to form the components of the new tissue, the other is the extra energy needed to meet the metabolic cost of growth.The first requirement is, of courae, absolute in so far as I g of new tissue containing, say, 25% fat and 15% protein cannot be deposited without a dietary supply of about 13.4 kJ of appropriate energy. This is in fact the average energy content of tissue deposited in the rapidly growing malnourished child recovering on an energy-rich milk diet (Spady, Payne, Picou & Waterlow, 1976). The

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Section: Vol 35mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This seems to be a response of muscle to any regime which interrupts growth. However, in the rat, muscle only accounts for a small fraction of whole body turnover and other tissues do not appear to be as sensitive as muscle ; Millward, Garlick, Sender, James & Waterlow, 1976).…”

Section: Vol 35mentioning

confidence: 99%

The energy cost of growth

1976

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“…After the infusion the animal is sacrificed, the selected tissue excised and the specific radioactivities of the intraceUular free amino acid pool and the protein bound pool determined. Equations were derived to transform these data into estimates of k s , the rate constant for transfer of amino acid from the free intracellular pool to the protein bound pool and the procedure has been used in a number of subsequent publications by these workers [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introduction 2 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear kinetic model to estimate protein synthesis rate after [¹⁴C]tyrosine infusion in dogs

et al. 1977

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“…Since PHA and clenbuterol have opposite actions on skeletal muscle, a second objective was to investigate the possibility that clenbuterol could protect the muscle against the lectin-induced atrophy by preventing the fall in rates of protein synthesis. The skeletal musculature represents a pool of amino acids which may be mobilised in times of dietary insufficiency (Millward et al, 1976), trauma and sepsis (Clowes et al, 1983;Jepson et al, 1986). Therefore the study was designed also to investigate the possibility that, if the muscle atrophy was a prerequisite for the gut hyperplasia, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the β‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat

Bardócz¹,

Brown²,

Grant³

et al. 1992

British J Pharmacology

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1 The kidney bean lectin, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), induced a marked atrophy of skeletal muscle which was evident from the changes in tissue composition (protein, RNA, DNA and polyamine content) and from the reduction in weight and protein synthesis of hind leg muscles of rats fed on kidney bean-diets for four days. The P-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy by transiently stimulating protein synthesis. As a consequence, the muscle loss caused by a short exposure to PHA was, in part, ameliorated by clenbuterol treatment. 2 Cardiac muscle was affected to a lesser extent than skeletal muscle by both clenbuterol and the lectin. However, there was evidence that protein synthesis in heart was reduced by PHA. 3 PHA had opposite effects on the gut, the lectin-induced hyperplasia of the jejunum was accompanied by a large increase in protein synthesis. Clenbuterol alone had no effect on the jejunum whereas a combination of PHA and clenbuterol appeared to exacerbate the effect of the lectin on gut. 4 Both the lectin-induced gut growth and the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle caused by clenbuterol were preceded by the accumulation of polyamines in the respective tissues. Of particular note was the observation that a significant increase in the proportion of the intraperitoneally injected '4C-labelled spermidine or putrescine taken up by the growing tissues could be detected by the second day. Therefore, the measurement of uptake of labelled polyamines may be used as a sensitive indicator of early alterations in tissue metabolism. Keywords: Clenbuterol; phytohaemagglutinin (PHA); protein synthesis; small intestine; skeletal muscle; heart; polyamines; growth; atrophy IntroductionThe lectin component of raw kidney bean, the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) is a potent growth factor for the rat small intestine and induces extensive hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of the tissue (Oliveira et al., 1988;Pusztai et al., 1988 (Janne et al., 1978), although their precise role(s) and mode of action remain unknown. PHAinduced gut growth is preceded by polyamine accumulation in the tissue (Pusztai et al., 1989), not as the result of increased de novo synthesis of polyamines in situ, but by stimulation of polyamine uptake from the circulation (Bardocz et al., 1990a). Thus, the uptake of putrescine through the basolateral membrane increased within the first hour of lectin exposure. However, the effect wore off quickly, lasting for 24 h only (Bardocz et al., 1990b). In contrast, the stimulation of spermidine uptake from the circulation was not immediate but remained elevated and was stimulated liver;'." Macmillan Press Ltd, 1992 EFFECTS OF CLENBUTEROL PLUS PHA ON RAT TISSUES 477 further for as long as PHA was present in the bowel (Bardocz et al., 1990b).The present study was undertaken to establish firstly whether accumulation of polyamines occurs during clenbuterol-induced muscle hypertrophy and whether clenbuterol affects the uptake of polyamines from the circulation by skeletal muscle. Since PHA and ...

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The relative importance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the regulation of muscle mass

Cited by 339 publications

References 15 publications

The energy cost of growth

The energy cost of growth

Linear kinetic model to estimate protein synthesis rate after [¹⁴C]tyrosine infusion in dogs

Effect of the β‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat

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The relative importance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the regulation of muscle mass

Cited by 339 publications

References 15 publications

The energy cost of growth

The energy cost of growth

Linear kinetic model to estimate protein synthesis rate after [14C]tyrosine infusion in dogs

Effect of the β‐adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat

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Linear kinetic model to estimate protein synthesis rate after [¹⁴C]tyrosine infusion in dogs