The Relative Effectiveness of Inoculation, Bolstering, and Combined Approaches in Crisis Communication

Wan, Hua-Hsin; Pfau, Michael

doi:10.1080/1532-754x.2004.11925131

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…McGuire (1964) posited that an attitudinal resistance inoculation treatment warns the individual of a future attitudinal attack against an existing, yet vulnerable, attitude and then presents weakened counter-attitudinal arguments to build attitudinal resistance. The effectiveness of inoculative treatments in maintaining attitudes in the presence of counterattitudinal persuasive messages has been supported by laboratory experiments (e.g., Pfau et al, 2004Pfau et al, , 2006 and successfully tested in applied settings such as political campaigns Pfau & Burgoon, 1988;Pfau, Kenski, Nitz, & Sorenson, 1990), public relations (Burgoon, Pfau, & Birk, 1995;Wan & Pfau, 2004), and advertising Pfau, 1992). In addition, the theory is supported by research in adolescent health-preventative contexts, including smoking (Pfau & Van Bockern, 1994;Pfau, Van Bockern, & Kang, 1992;Szabo & Pfau, 2002) and drinking (Godbold & Pfau, 2000).…”

Section: The Inoculation Process Of Conferring Resistance To Influencementioning

confidence: 76%

Inoculating Against Pro-Plagiarism Justifications: Rational and Affective Strategies

Compton¹,

Pfau

2008

Journal of Applied Communication Research

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Student plagiarism continues to threaten academic integrity. This investigation assessed whether an inoculation message strategy could combat university plagiarism by protecting student attitudes against pro-plagiarism justification arguments. Additionally, we sought theoretical confirmation of previous findings on involvement and accessibility in inoculation, examined the effects on vested interest, and evaluated matching and mismatching strategies in terms of affect-and rationality-based inoculation treatment messages and subsequent attack messages. A total of 225 students participated in three sessions spanning six weeks. Results indicated that none of the inoculation treatments conferred resistance as measured in attitude toward plagiarism, but all treatments enhanced involvement and attitude accessibility, and the fear-and rationality-based treatments enhanced vested interest. Additionally, fear-based treatments derogated the source of the message. Results also suggest that a matching strategy is superior with both affect-and rationality-based attack messages, such that inoculation treatments are most effective when using the same argument bases (e.g., affective or rational) as the attack message. These results offer guidance for crafting communication campaign strategies to reduce the occurrence of student plagiarism offenses. Keywords: Inoculation; Resistance to Influence; PlagiarismCognitive and affective factors keep many students from violating academic codes of conduct by plagiarizing their work. Love and Simmons (1998) found that students who resist the temptation to plagiarize do so for rational, cognitive reasons (such as fairness to original authors) and affect-based reasons (such as fear and anticipated

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Section: The Inoculation Process Of Conferring Resistance To Influencementioning

confidence: 76%

Inoculating Against Pro-Plagiarism Justifications: Rational and Affective Strategies

Compton¹,

Pfau

2008

Journal of Applied Communication Research

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“…However, several researchers have concluded that inoculation works better at promoting resistance when individuals face the same arguments in attack messages as opposed to novel attack arguments (e.g., Anderson & McGuire, 1965;McGuire, 1961aMcGuire, , 1961bMcGuire & Papageorgis 1962;Pfau & Burgoon, 1988;Pryor & Steinfatt, 1978), others have reached the opposite conclusion (e.g., Pfau, 1992;Pfau & Burgoon, 1988), and others have found no significant difference between novel and expected attacks (e.g., Pfau, Kenski, Nitz, & Sorenson, 1990;Wan & Pfau, 2004). Understanding whether inoculation confers more resistance to novel or expected attack arguments has important implications.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Inoculation Theorymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The effect size reported by Wan and Pfau (2004) exceeded the unweighted mean effect by 2.5 standard deviations and was excluded from the analysis. The mean effect size for the remaining 19 cases (N02,035) in meta-analysis was d 0.22.…”

Section: Testing Inoculation Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-Analysis of Research on Inoculation Theory

Banas¹,

Rains²

2010

Communication Monographs

328

278

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A meta-analysis of 54 cases testing the effectiveness of inoculation theory at conferring resistance and examining the mechanisms of the theory was conducted. The analyses revealed inoculation messages to be superior to both supportive messages and notreatment controls at conferring resistance. Additionally, the results revealed refutational same and refutational different preemptions to be equally effective at reducing attitude change. However, the data were not consistent with some predictions made in narrative reviews of inoculation. No significant increase in resistance as a function of threat or involvement was found. Further, instead of a curvilinear effect for delay on resistance, the point estimates from our meta-analysis revealed equivalent resistance between immediate and moderate delays between inoculation and attack, with a decay in resistance after two weeks.

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“…The model employs vigilance during the pre-crisis phases to aid crisis decision making and prevention. Wan and Pfau (2004) recommend using pre-crisis messages to inoculate stakeholders about crises. Using the biological analogy, the pre-crisis messages give stakeholders some information about a potential crisis to help build up resistance to a negative reaction and negative media coverage of the crisis.…”

Section: Pre-crisis Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters for Crisis Communication

Coombs

2010

The Handbook of Crisis Communication

326

312

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Organizations frequently find themselves in situations we would define as a crisis. Consider but a few examples: Union Carbide's devastating chemical release in Bhopal; Carrefour suffering from protests at its stores in China because of French attacks on the Olympic torch relay; customers experiencing E. coli at Taco Bell; rumors about designer Tommy Hilfiger's racist comments; Tyco executives stealing millions from the company; and Oxfam claiming Starbucks did not support coffee growers by opposing the branding of certain African coffees. We must accept that no organization is immune from a crisis anywhere in the world even if that organization is vigilant and actively seeks to prevent crises.The reality of crises leads to the need for preparation and readiness to respond -crisis management. The critical component in crisis management is communication. Over the past decade, there has been a massive increase in crisis communication research. As the field of crisis communication develops, it is important to develop parameters for that growth. This chapter and the Handbook of Crisis Communication are steps towards articulating the parameters and utility of crisis communication. The focus in this book is the research used to advance our understanding of communication's role in the crisis management process. To properly set the stage for this collection, it is important to define key terms in crisis management and overview key research on the central theme of crisis communication. By examining these fundamental elements, the parameters of crisis communication begin to emerge. Key Definitions for CrisisBecause of the diversity of crisis research, it is important to present definitions of key crisis terms early to help set boundaries. The key terms for the Handbook include crisis, crisis management, and crisis communication. The three are inextricably interconnected and must be considered in a progression from crisis to

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The Relative Effectiveness of Inoculation, Bolstering, and Combined Approaches in Crisis Communication

Cited by 52 publications

References 58 publications

Inoculating Against Pro-Plagiarism Justifications: Rational and Affective Strategies

Inoculating Against Pro-Plagiarism Justifications: Rational and Affective Strategies

A Meta-Analysis of Research on Inoculation Theory

Parameters for Crisis Communication

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