The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to HTLV-1 persistence

Abstract

Limit 300 words) 18 Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) persists within hosts via infectious 19 spread (de novo infection) and mitotic spread (infected cell proliferation), creating a 20 population structure of multiple clones (infected cell populations with identical genomic 21 proviral integration sites). The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to 22

Selective clonal persistence of human retroviruses in vivo: Radial chromatin organization, integration site, and host transcription

“…This observation contrasts with the fact that the nuclear speckle-associated domains, which are enriched in transcriptionally active genes, are strongly favored for the initial integration of HIV-1. However, in contrast with HTLV-1, only approximately 7% of the variation in proviral survival of HIV-1 can be explained by these factors: We postulate that this difference is due to the difference between the two retroviruses in the relative importance of infectious spread and mitotic spread ( 1 ) in the persistence of the virus in the host. The power of this analysis of HIV-1 data is limited by two factors: first, the smaller sample size (a total of 110,338 integration sites of HIV-1, cf.…”

“…The optimal strategy of survival for persistence of HTLV-1 in vivo is therefore to minimize proviral expression during most of the lifetime of the infected cell, while retaining the ability to reexpress the provirus in intense bursts, either to infect a new host or to create a new clone in the same host ( 1 ). The characteristics of proviral expression differ from clone to clone and appear to be determined largely by the proviral integration site ( 5 , 6 ).…”

“…Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) persists in the host chiefly by clonal proliferation ( 1 , 2 ). A typical HTLV-1–infected host has 10 3 to 10 6 HTLV-1–infected T cell clones ( 3 ); each clone can be distinguished by the unique integration site of the single-copy provirus in the host genome ( 4 ).…”

“…The PVL is partly determined by the host immune response; the force of selection exerted by the HTLV-1–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes depends on the level of expression of HTLV-1 antigens ( 10 ). Both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 persist in a reservoir in vivo that depends partly on continued clonal proliferation ( 1 , 11 , 12 ).…”

Navigating and Mapping the “White Spot”

“…Based on interviews with caravaners in 1880, the American consul, Mathews, also acknowledged this when he wrote: "[…] the akabahrs do not proceed in a direct line across the trackless desert to their destination, but turn occasionally eastward or westward, according to the situation of certain fertile, inhabited and cultivated spots, interspersed in various parts of the Sahara like islands in the ocean". 8 In two field experiments further conclusions regarding navigation in the desert areas were made. The results obtained also correspond with Meerpohl's findings.…”