The Relationships between Preschoolers’ Play Behaviors, Social Competence Behaviors and Their Parents’ Parental Attitudes

Abstract

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Assessment of Play in Preschool-Age

“…The two versions of the Preschool Play Behavior Scale (PPBS) were also considerably used ( n total = 6), namely the Preschool Play Behavior Scale-Hong Kong (PPBS-HK) ( n = 1) (Leung, 2017), and the PPBS ( n = 5) (Aslan, 2020; Coplan & Rubin, 1998; Lagacé-Séguin & d’Entremont, 2006; Suhonen et al, 2015; Uygun & Kozikoğlu, 2019), which assess the risk of social isolation in ludic settings regarding non-social play, more specifically the components of reticent, solitary passive, solitary active, social and rough, and tumble behavior.…”

“…From the studies analyzed, and shown in Table 1, it is possible to observe a prevalence of instruments applied directly to children ( n = 19) (Aslan, 2020; Barton, 2015; Coplan et al, 2001, 2014; Fallon & MacCobb, 2013; Fehr & Russ, 2013, 2014; Gal-Szabo et al, 2019; Lautamo et al, 2011; Lucisano et al, 2021; Marcelo & Yates, 2020; Minnett et al, 1994; Pierce-Jordan & Lifter, 2005; Saracho, 1995, 1996, 1999; Shim et al, 2001; Shire et al, 2018; So et al, 2020), followed by the application by teachers ( n = 9) (Bulotsky-Shearer et al, 2012; Coolahan et al, 2000; Coplan & Rubin, 1998; Ergin & Ergin, 2017; Fantuzzo et al, 1995; Lagacé-Séguin & d’Entremont, 2006; Leung, 2017; Suhonen et al., 2015; Uygun & Kozikoğlu, 2019) and by parents ( n = 4) (Gagnon et al, 2014; Karaca et al, 2020; LaForett & Mendez, 2017; Tröster & Brambring, 1994).…”

“…Although scarce, there are studies from other countries, such as Turkey ( n = 5) (Aslan, 2020; Ergin & Ergin, 2017; Karaca et al, 2020; Park, 2019; Uygun & Kozikoğlu, 2019), Australia ( n = 3) (Lautamo et al, 2011; Lucisano et al, 2021; Sigafoos et al, 1999), Hong Kong ( n = 2) (Leung, 2017; So et al, 2020), Germany ( n = 1) (Tröster & Brambring, 1994), Ireland ( n = 1) (Fallon & MacCobb, 2013), and Finland ( n = 1) (Suhonen et al, 2015).…”

“…Concerning the type of play assessed in the studies, there is a prevalence of non-structured play ( n = 35) (Aslan, 2020; Barton, 2015; Coolahan et al, 2000; Coplan & Rubin, 1998; Coplan et al, 2001; Esposito & Koorland, 1989; Fallon & MacCobb, 2013; Fantuzzo et al, 1995; Farmer-Dougan & Kaszuba, 1999; Farver & Lee-Shin, 2000; Gal-Szabo et al, 2019; Hart & Sheehan, 1986; Hartle, 1996; Johnson et al, 1980; Karaca et al, 2020; Kinsman & Berk, 1979; Lagacé-Séguin & d’Entremont, 2006; Lautamo et al, 2011; Leung, 2017; Lucisano et al, 2021; Marcelo & Yates, 2020; Maxwell et al, 2008; Minnett et al, 1994; Nelson et al, 2017; Pierce-Jordan & Lifter, 2005; Pollack et al, 2016; Roopnarine et al, 1992; Sanders & Harper, 1976; Saracho, 1995, 1996, 1999; Shim et al, 2001; Shire et al, 2018; Sigafoos et al, 1999; Wintre, 1989), followed by the decreasing use of structured play ( n = 3) (Park, 2019; So et al, 2020; Wilson, 2015), the use of the two types of play ( n = 2) (Fehr & Russ, 2013, 2014) and, lastly, by studies that do not mention the type of play ( n = 8) (Bulotsky-Shearer et al, 2012; Coplan et al, 2014; Ergin & Ergin, 2017; Gagnon et al, 2014; LaForett & Mendez, 2017; Suhonen et al, 2015; Tröster & Brambring, 1994; Uygun & Kozikoğlu, 2019). These results are congruent with the literature, which indicates non-structured play as the necessary substrate for the emergence of spontaneous ludic behavior (Aslan, 2020), allowing the evaluator to observe how the child sets up their play (Kaugars & Russ, 2009).…”

“…The theoretical and empirical research in the domain of play suggests the existence of some factors that seem to characterize ludic behaviors. This qualitative description of play bases itself on its motivation origin, goal orientation, physical stimuli, and the existence of rules, defining play as intrinsically motivated, spontaneous behavior (Figueiredo et al, 2015) and one of the most powerful communicational weapons of a child (Uygun & Kozikoğlu, 2019). Indeed, it is considered a fundamental right of children by the United Nations Commissary for Human Rights (Póvoas et al, 2013).…”