The relationships between low levels of urine fluoride on children's intelligence, dental fluorosis in endemic fluorosis areas in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China

The effect of non-fluoride factors on risk of dental fluorosis: Evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift

“…DF is the most widespread and long-recognized health effect of F − exposure. However, F − also may cause damages to other organs and systems: for example, skeletal fluorosis (Edmunds and Smedley, 2005) that is characterized by the thickening and increased density of bones, thyroid dysfunction (resulting in slower mental development and lower IQ in children) (Ding et al, 2011) (Xiang et al, 2003), dysfunction of reproductive system (leading to infertility, especially in males due to oligo-or azoospermia and, probably, lower testosterone level) (Chinoy and Narayana, 1994;Ortiz-Pérez et al, 2003), developmental defects in fetuses (GUPTA et al, 1995;Takahashi, 1998), and gastrointestinal problems (nausea, stomach pain, intermittent diarrhea, and flatulence) (Dasarathy et al, 1996). We conducted a study of dental health outcomes among randomly selected households living in several communities of the MER of Ethiopia; our focus on DF was motivated by the fact that it is the most widespread and easily diagnosed condition that can be observed in populations consuming water with excessive F − concentration.…”

“…An elevated level of fluoride (F − ) in drinking water is a wellrecognized risk factor of dental and skeletal fluorosis, conditions which affect millions of people worldwide across many countries: e.g., in China, Mexico, India, Iran, parts of Africa, and the United States (Beltrán-Aguilar et al, 2010;Ding et al, 2011;García-Pérez et al, 2013;Hussain et al, 2010;Meyer-Lueckel et al, 2011;Ozsvath, 2006). For example, in Mexico the prevalence of fluorosis is 60.5% among residents of communities with F − level higher than 1.5 mg/l (ppm) (García-Pérez et al, 2013).…”

Effect of vacuum and oven drying on the radical scavenging activity and nutritional contents of submerged fermented Maitake (Grifola frondosa) mycelia

“…As far as the fermentation was concerned, maitake culture utilized the nutrients in MCM and transformed them into desired polysaccharides, ketones and aldehydes that attributed to the formation of exopolysaccharides (EPS). According to Ding et al (2012), the glucose level of the cultivation broth tends to reduce as a positive effort to promote formation of pallets and mycelium of mushroom.…”

Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation

“…12 However, most of the 27 cross-sectional studies were conducted in areas of rural China that have high levels of naturally occurring fluoride in the water ranging from 2 to 11 ppm, which is approximately 3-16 times higher than optimal fluoride concentrations in Canada. 12 Not included in the aforementioned meta-analysis, eight additional cross-sectional studies performed in India (n = 4), [13][14][15][16] Iran (n = 1), 17 Mexico (n = 1) 18 and China (n = 2) 19,20 found that children classified as having "high" fluoride exposure (defined in various ways) scored lower on some or all components of metrics used to assess intelligence or cognition. In contrast, a prospective cohort study by Broadbent et al found no significant differences in IQ scores between New Zealand children living in fluoridated versus those living in non-fluoridated communities, adjusting for several potential confounders.…”