The Relationships Among Masculine Appearance Norm Violations, Childhood Harassment for Gender Nonconformity, and Body Image Concerns Among Sexual Minority Men

Watson, Laurel B.; Dispenza, Franco

doi:10.1080/19359705.2014.993229

Cited by 21 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This suggests that individuals’ current conformity to masculine norms are stronger predictors of individuals’ experiences of internalized homophobia as compared to past conformity (e.g., childhood gender non-conformity). This is contrary to other findings which suggest that childhood harassment due to gender non-conformity would predict negative later life health outcomes (e.g., body shame, anxiety, gender-related strain) [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Additionally, the results suggest that the significance of threats to gay men’s masculinity are superior predictors of internalized homophobia as compared to the significance of boosts to their masculinity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, prejudice between straight-acting and effeminate gay men is normalized and even glorified within the gay community and is often perpetrated by others who were previously discriminated against for gender non-conformity [ 31 , 32 ]. This heteronormative approach to masculinity—harassment due to gender non-conformity—is shown to predict later adult life body shame and anxiety among gay men [ 33 , 34 ]. Clarkson [ 30 ] argued that the anti-effeminacy ideals perpetuated through hegemonic masculinities which favor heteronormative expressions of gender are jeopardizing the very diversity that the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and/or Intersex (LGBTI) community is known for.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men

Thepsourinthone

Dune

Liamputtong

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Due to the heterosexist ideals associated with gender norms, gay men often experience negative attitudes towards their own sexuality—internalized homophobia. As a result, gay men often feel compelled to compensate for their perceived lack of masculinity. The study aimed to investigate the relationship and predictive power of masculinity on gay men’s experiences of internalized homophobia. A sample of 489 self-identified Australian gay men 18–72 years old participated in an online survey on masculinity and homosexuality. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and sequential multiple regressions were used to test the study’s aims. Sequential multiple regressions revealed that conformity to masculine norms and threats to masculinity contingency were stronger predictors of internalized homophobia over and above demographic and other factors. Given the already known psychological risks associated with social isolation, internalized homophobia, and the poor mental health outcomes associated with sexual minority groups, it is suggested that gay men who are experiencing high degrees of internalized homophobia should not be distancing themselves from other gay men but, conversely, seek a strong relationship with the LGBTI community.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men

Thepsourinthone

Dune

Liamputtong

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Across Western countries, men’s conformity to masculine norms is associated with men’s drive to achieve a certain body image, such as muscularity, leanness, and fitness [32,33]. Among men in sexual minorities, the association between masculine appearance norm violations and body shame is mediated by body surveillance, an act that manifests as self-objectification by constantly surveying one’s body [34]. Such studies in the literature show that although the interactions of sexual orientation, gender-role orientation, and body image have not been examined at the same time and are even sparser in adolescent populations, we may find interplay between these three factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Pathway from Obesity-Related Stigma to Anxiety via Internalized Stigma and Self-Esteem among Adolescents in Taiwan

Lin

Tsai

Liu

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The objective of this research was to examine the pathway from public stigma, to perceived stigma, to depression in adolescents via internalized stigma. Adolescents in grade 7 through 9 from a junior high school in Changhua County in Taiwan completed self-administered surveys from March to July in 2018. Adolescents were asked questions regarding depressive symptoms, obesity-related perceived stigma, and internalized stigma. Structural equation modeling was used to fit the pathway model. The pathway was first analyzed with the full sample and then stratified by actual and perceived weight status. Our final analytic sample consisted of 464 adolescents. The pathway model suggested an acceptable model fit. Perceived weight stigma (PWS) was significantly associated with internalized stigma regardless of actual or self-perceived weight status. Internalized stigma was significantly associated with anxiety for both actual (β = 0.186) and self-perceived nonoverweight (non-OW) participants (β = 0.170) but not for overweight (OW) participants (neither actual nor self-perceived). For OW adolescents, perceived weight stigma was associated with anxiety. However, the internalization process did not exist. It may be that the influence of perceived weight stigma is larger than internalized stigma on anxiety. It may also be that the level of internalization was not yet high enough to result in anxiety.

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“…This may provide groups considered 'vulnerable' and 'marginal' (e.g. LGBTIQ+ academics and students) the inter-subjective agency to express their personal narratives which may posit them as happy and healthy (Watson & Dispenza 2015). This notion underscores Msibi's (2012:518) critique of an exclusive focus on the negative experiences of 'queer learners', as such a view that may reinforce the idea that they are always powerless victims of heterosexism.…”

Section: Conceptualising 'Resilience': From An Ecological To a Constrmentioning

confidence: 83%

A social constructionist approach to resilience for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer and/or questioning academics and students in South African universities

Rothmann

2018

THE

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This article provides a theoretical contemplation on how reciprocation of an assimilationist, liberationist and/or transgressive approach by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer and/or questioning (LGBTIQ+) individuals on university campuses may encourage transformation initiatives in South African universities. The author ascribe to the contributions of previous research studies on a social constructionist approach to resilience to debate how individuals potentially navigate the disparity between sexual structure and agency within their ideological and physical construction and enactment of their academic and student persona. A theoretical basis is provided for the influence of social resilience to emphasise the localised, intersectional and plural experiences of LGBTIQ+ individuals as opposed to a monolithic and universal ‘either/or’ account of their being solely docile victims or free agents in a heteronormative context.

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The Relationships Among Masculine Appearance Norm Violations, Childhood Harassment for Gender Nonconformity, and Body Image Concerns Among Sexual Minority Men

Cited by 21 publications

References 45 publications

The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men

The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men

Psychological Pathway from Obesity-Related Stigma to Anxiety via Internalized Stigma and Self-Esteem among Adolescents in Taiwan

A social constructionist approach to resilience for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer and/or questioning academics and students in South African universities

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