The Relationship of Temperament and Character, Parental Stress, and Mental Health Problems with Attachment Disorders among Children

Abstract

According to Cloninger’s model, personality is conceptualized in temperament and character traits contributing to a child’s psychosocial development. Additionally, parent–child interaction is important for the child’s socio-emotional development. To date, the relationship between attachment and temperament and character for child mental health development and its effects on parents remains mostly unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to examine the relationship of attachment, temperament and character, parental stress, and mental health problems among 125 children (mean age = 7.14 years) in Switzerland. Temperament and character, attachment disorder (symptoms), parental stress, and mental health problems were assessed with psychometric questionnaires; attachment was assessed with an additional observational measure. Descriptive characters of the sample were presented, and group differences and correlations were computed. For temperament traits, results revealed significant group differences for novelty seeking and persistence and attachment disorder types. For character traits, the findings showed significant group differences for self-directedness and cooperativeness and attachment disorder types. Moderate effect sizes for groups differences were found. Further, the mixed-type (inhibited and disinhibited) and inhibited attachment disorder type were the most burdened groups. The present findings suggest that temperament and character traits, as well as parental stress and mental health problems are associated with the occurrence of attachment disorders among children. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to examine the causal relationships of temperament and character with attachment, including person-related and environmental factors among children.

Difficult Toddler Temperament – Prevalence and Associated Factors at 18-Month Follow-Up of a Birth Cohort

“…9 Studies have shown that parent-reported difficult temperament in infancy and toddlerhood is associated with greater psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, greater depression, lower wellbeing, and unemployment in adulthood. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Children with difficult temperaments often struggle to regulate their emotions and behaviors, which can lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining positive relationships with peers, teachers, and family members. Over time, these interpersonal challenges can contribute to social withdrawal, loneliness, and even social rejection, which may persist into adulthood.…”

“…Over time, these interpersonal challenges can contribute to social withdrawal, loneliness, and even social rejection, which may persist into adulthood. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Furthermore, difficult temperament in childhood is associated with an increased risk of developing internalizing and externalizing problems such as anxiety, depression, and conduct disorder. These mental health difficulties can have long-term consequences for individuals' educational attainment, employment prospects, and overall well-being in adulthood.…”

Difficult toddler temperament – Prevalence and associated factors at 18-month follow-up of a birth cohort

“…Parental reports are often used to measure child temperament due to the unsuitability of self-report in young children and the costs and poor reliability of child observations (9). A parent reported di cult temperament in infancy and toddlerhood is associated with greater psychopathology in childhood and adolescence and greater depression, lower wellbeing, and unemployment in adulthood (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Understanding the current prevalence of di cult temperament and associated risk factors is important for early identi cation and targeted interventions (10).…”