The Relationship of Lake Michigan Waterbird Mortalities to Naturally Occurring Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin

Monheimer, Richard H.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-4.3.81

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Some of the new conditions that Lake Erie is experiencing have led to regular outbreaks of type E botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum type E, which mostly affect aquatic vertebrates and waterfowl. These outbreaks are not a new occurrence in the Great Lakes region, but they were relatively infrequent events (Bott et al, 1966;Monheimer, 1968;Brand et al, 1988). However, starting in 1998 outbreaks of botulism have become a regular seasonal event in Lake Erie, particularly in the eastern basin (Pérez-Fuentetaja et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Clostridium botulinum type E in Lake Erie: Inter-annual differences and role of benthic invertebrates

Pérez-Fuentetaja

Clapsadl

Getchell

et al. 2011

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Clostridium botulinum type E in Lake Erie: Inter-annual differences and role of benthic invertebrates

Pérez-Fuentetaja

Clapsadl

Getchell

et al. 2011

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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“…Monheimer (1968) tested the sensitivity of ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) to BoNT/E, and the LD50 value was less than 20,000 MLD. The level needed to induce obvious illness in 50% of the gulls was approximately 12,000 MLD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Yule

Barker

Austin

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Since 1999, large-scale mortalities of fish-eating birds have been observed on the Great Lakes, and more specifically on Lake Erie. Type E botulism has been established as the primary cause of death. The mechanism of type E botulism exposure in fish-eating birds is unclear. Given that these birds are thought to eat live fish exclusively, it seems likely that their prey play a key role in the process, but the role of fish as potential transport vectors of botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) to birds has not been adequately investigated. Between June 2003 and April 2004 a methodological model for exposing fish to Clostridium botulinum was developed and used to compare the sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), round goby (Neogobius melanostomas), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to four doses (0, 800, 1,500, and 4,000 Mouse Lethal Doses) of Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin. Each fish species expressed unique changes in both behavior and skin pigmentation prior to death. Yellow perch survived significantly longer (P,0.05) than the three other species at all toxin treatments. Results of this study suggest that live fish can represent a significant vector for transfer of BoNT/E to birds.

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“…Drowning in fishing nets has at times claimed many loons on some large lakes in northern Canada (Vermeer, 1973). Type E botulism has historically killed many loons on Lake Michigan (USA, Canada) (Monheimer, 1968;Brand, 1988). Pokras and Chafel (1992) found ingestion of lead fishing weights to be the leading cause of death in adult loons on breeding lakes in New England (USA).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Necropsy Findings and Environmental Contaminants in Common Loons from New York

Stone

Okoniewski

2001

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Diagnostic and analytical findings are presented for 105 common loons (Gavia immer) found dead or debilitated in New York (USA) from 1972-99. Aspergillosis (23% of cases) and ingestion of lead fishing weights (21%) were the most common pathologies encountered. Stranding on land, shooting, other trauma, gill nets, air sacculitis and peritonitis, and emaciation of uncertain etiology accounted for most of the remaining causes of disease or death. Analysis for total mercury in the liver of 83 loons yielded a geometric mean (gm) of 10.3 mg/kg (wet basis) and range of 0.07 to 371 mg/ kg, with emaciated birds generally showing higher levels. Organochlorine contaminant levels in brain were generally low, principally consisting of PCB's (gm ϭ 2.02 mg/kg) and DDE (0.47 mg/kg).

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The Relationship of Lake Michigan Waterbird Mortalities to Naturally Occurring Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Clostridium botulinum type E in Lake Erie: Inter-annual differences and role of benthic invertebrates

Clostridium botulinum type E in Lake Erie: Inter-annual differences and role of benthic invertebrates

Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to Great Lakes Fish: Implications for Avian Botulism

Necropsy Findings and Environmental Contaminants in Common Loons from New York

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