The Relationship of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 to Fetal Growth and Adiposity

Kadakia, Rachel; Josefson, Jami L.

doi:10.1159/000443500

Cited by 67 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…52 Cord blood IGF-2 has not been shown to correlate as strongly with fetal size at birth as IGF-1 in either normal pregnancies 53 or those complicated by diabetes 33 however, it has been shown to correlate with placental size. 33,53,54 DNA methylation of IGF-2 on the fetal side of placenta was associated with placental weight and newborn height, but not with birth weight. 55 While the etiology of the higher IGF-2 that we observed in male fetuses is unclear, male infants typically have a higher fetal:placental weight ratio, and this difference is postulated to contribute the higher rates of perinatal morbidity observed in males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sex-Specific Associations of Maternal Gestational Glycemia with Hormones in Umbilical Cord Blood at Delivery

et al. 2016

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Background Few studies have examined sex-specific associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord blood hormones, which might predict later health. Methods In 976 women without pre-existing diabetes in the Project Viva cohort, we used linear regression to examine associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord hormone concentrations, adjusted for maternal characteristics and stratified by infant sex. Results 6.1% of women had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 8.8% isolated hyperglycemia, 3.2% gestational impaired glucose tolerance, and 81.9% were normoglycemic. In boys, compared with infants of normoglycemic mothers, infants of GDM mothers had higher cord levels of IGF-2 (β 35.55 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.60, 68.50), IGFBP-3 (111.2 ng/mL; 5.53, 216.8), insulin (4.66 uU/mL; 2.38, 6.95), C-peptide (0.46 ng/mL; 0.25, 0.67) and leptin (3.51 ng/mL; 1.37, 5.64) but lower IGF-1 (−6.71 ng/mL; −12.7, −0.76, adjusted for IGFBP-3). In girls, GDM offspring had higher cord blood levels of IGF-1 adjusted for IGFBP-3 (12.45 ng/mL; 4.85, 20.04). Boys, but not girls, of mothers with abnormal glucose tolerance but not GDM also had higher levels of some hormones. Conclusion GDM was associated with growth factors and adipokines in cord blood from boys, but only IGF-1 in girls. These findings suggests sex differences in responses to fetal overnutrition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sex-Specific Associations of Maternal Gestational Glycemia with Hormones in Umbilical Cord Blood at Delivery

et al. 2016

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“…The goals of the studies presented here were to understand the organization and patterns of expression of Igf2 genes in nonmammalian vertebrates by mining the resources of public databases and to place these findings in an evolutionary context with mammalian IGF2/Igf2 homologues and the mammalian IGF2/Igf2-H19 locus. In mammals, IGF2 is involved principally in mediating prenatal growth (8), but it also functions in other aspects of physiology and pathophysiology throughout life (9 -16). Mammalian IGF2/Igf2 genes are complicated and reside within a complex multigene locus (17,18,36,56).…”

Section: Igf2 Genes In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secreted peptide, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), is produced in many different mammals and nonmammalian vertebrates (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) and is part of a small protein family with IGF1 and insulin (5,7). In mammals, IGF2 plays a central role in fetal development and growth (8) and is involved in a number of other physiological and pathological processes throughout life (9 -16). The single-copy gene encoding mammalian IGF2/Igf2 is embedded within a linkage group that includes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH/Th), INS (Ins2 in mice), H19, mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23 (MRPL23/Mrpl23), and troponin T3, fast skeletal type (TNNT3/Tnnt3) (17,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The insulin-like growth factor 2 gene and locus in nonmammalian vertebrates: Organizational simplicity with duplication but limited divergence in fish

Rotwein

2018

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The small, secreted peptide, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), is essential for fetal and prenatal growth in humans and other mammals. Human and mouse genes are located within a conserved linkage group and are regulated by parental imprinting, with / being expressed from the paternally derived chromosome, and from the maternal chromosome. Here, data retrieved from genomic and gene expression repositories were used to examine the gene and locus in 8 terrestrial vertebrates, 11 ray-finned fish, and 1 lobe-finned fish representing >500 million years of evolutionary diversification. The analysis revealed that vertebrate genes are simpler than their mammalian counterparts, having fewer exons and lacking multiple gene promoters. genes are conserved among these species, especially in protein-coding regions, and IGF2 proteins also are conserved, although less so in fish than in terrestrial vertebrates. The locus in terrestrial vertebrates shares additional genes with its mammalian counterparts, including tyrosine hydroxylase (), insulin (), mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23 (), and troponin T3, fast skeletal type (), and both and are present in the locus in fish. Taken together, these observations support the idea that a recognizable was present in the earliest vertebrate ancestors, but that other features developed and diversified in the gene and locus with speciation, especially in mammals. This study also highlights the need for correcting inaccuracies in genome databases to maximize our ability to accurately assess contributions of individual genes and multigene families toward evolution, physiology, and disease.

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“…IGF‐1 is positively related to birthweight and birth length . Although less studied, IGF‐2 is also positively related to foetal growth parameters in some, but not in all studies . The foetal liver is a main production site of IGFs, however, several extrahepatic tissues also produce these growth factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐specific associations of insulin‐like peptides in cord blood with size at birth

Poppel

Eder

Lang

et al. 2018

Clinical Endocrinology

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The Relationship of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 to Fetal Growth and Adiposity

Cited by 67 publications

References 50 publications

Sex-Specific Associations of Maternal Gestational Glycemia with Hormones in Umbilical Cord Blood at Delivery

Sex-Specific Associations of Maternal Gestational Glycemia with Hormones in Umbilical Cord Blood at Delivery

The insulin-like growth factor 2 gene and locus in nonmammalian vertebrates: Organizational simplicity with duplication but limited divergence in fish

Sex‐specific associations of insulin‐like peptides in cord blood with size at birth

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