The relationship of HIV prevalence in pregnant women to that in women of reproductive age

Nicoll, A; Stephenson, Judith; Griffioen, A; Cliffe, Susan; Rogers, Pauline; Boisson, Eldonna

doi:10.1097/00002030-199814000-00018

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The p U irg was also adjusted to account for the differential fertility and HIV prevalence of African women, and for the differential fertility of HIV positive women-that is, the relative inclusion ratio within the UAPMP pregnant women survey, making the p U irg more representative of all heterosexual women using an adjustment previously derived. 17 The p U irg was finally adjusted for the overlap between categories, assuming that a proportion of the HIV positive pregnant women will also be STD clinic attendees or IDU, thus reducing the prevalence by these proportions (table 1). However the overlap between HIV positive pregnant women and STD clinic attendance is likely to be higher than the overlap among HIV negative women.…”

Section: Heterosexual Men and Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation

McGarrigle¹,

Cliffe

Copas

et al. 2006

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Section: Heterosexual Men and Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 At the end of 2003 an estimated 53 000 adults aged over 16 were living with HIV in the UK, 27% of whom were unaware of their infection (table 2). In 2003, just under half (46%) of the HIV infections in adults were in MSM.…”

Section: Statistical Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation

McGarrigle¹,

Cliffe

Copas

et al. 2006

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…ANC-based estimates typically overestimate true prevalence, and that is attributed to the representativeness of women attending ANCs and the under-representation of remote rural areas in surveillance systems [1–12]. The identification of bias has led to the development of correction schemes to improve extrapolations from ANC data [2,13–15], but questions continue to surround the uniform applicability of these adjustments [10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refusal bias in HIV prevalence estimates from nationally representative seroprevalence surveys

Reniers

Eaton

2009

Aids

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Objectives To assess the relationship between prior knowledge of one's HIV status and the likelihood to refuse HIV testing in populations-based surveys and explore its potential for producing bias in HIV prevalence estimates. Methods Using longitudinal survey data from Malawi, we estimate the relationship between prior knowledge of HIV-positive status and subsequent refusal of an HIV test. We use that parameter to develop a heuristic model of refusal bias that is applied to six Demographic and Health Surveys, in which refusal by HIV status is not observed. The model only adjusts for refusal bias conditional on a completed interview. Results Ecologically, HIV prevalence, prior testing rates and refusal for HIV testing are highly correlated. Malawian data further suggest that amongst individuals who know their status, HIV-positive individuals are 4.62 (95% confidence interval, 2.60–8.21) times more likely to refuse testing than HIV-negative ones. On the basis of that parameter and other inputs from the Demographic and Health Surveys, our model predicts downward bias in national HIV prevalence estimates ranging from 1.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.7–2.9) for Senegal to 13.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.2–19.6) for Malawi. In absolute terms, bias in HIV prevalence estimates is negligible for Senegal but 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.8–2.3) percentage points for Malawi. Downward bias is more severe in urban populations. Because refusal rates are higher in men, seroprevalence surveys also tend to overestimate the female-to-male ratio of infections. Conclusion Prior knowledge of HIV status informs decisions to participate in seroprevalence surveys. Informed refusals may produce bias in estimates of HIV prevalence and the sex ratio of infections.

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“…Next, we conducted logistic regression analyses for estimating associations of each of the occupational stress factors with sexual risk behaviors, controlling for gender, marital status, ever use of tobacco, regular physical exercise and habit of drinking alcohol as from prior information based on literature review these factors had the potential to confound the association between job stress and sexual behaviors. [3458262728293031323334353637383940414243] While performing regressions using models for frequency of vaginal intercourse with a casual partner in last 3 months, cumulative logistic regression was used for efficient analyses as this outcome variable had more than 2 categories.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual behavior and job stress in software professionals, Bengaluru - India

Babu

Mahapatra

et al. 2013

Indian J Occup Environ Med

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Background:Sexually transmitted diseases are now gradually affecting the general population groups increasingly. Our earlier observations from qualitative research called for an effort to understand the sexual exposure, activity and behavior of the workers in these software professionals in Bengaluru, India.Aim:The current study is explored to understand the association of the sexual behaviors with Job.Materials and Methods:The study design employed was a cross-sectional study using a mixed sampling method. A total of 1071 subjects from software sector in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka completed the self-administered questionnaire. The source population comprised all information technology/information technology enabled services (IT/ITES) professionals aged 20-59 years working in “technical functions” in 21 selected worksites (units) of the software industry. The exposure of interest was job stressors and the outcome measures were sexual behaviors in the form of having multiple sexual partners, paid sex in last 3 months and frequency of intercourse with irregular sexual partners and condom use with regular partners during last sexual act.Results:Among the study population, 74.3% reported not using a condom during their last vaginal intercourse with their regular partner. Regression estimates indicated that workers with high physical stressors had 6 times odds of having paid for sex in last 3 months and those with a moderate level of income related stress had 2.4 times likelihood of not using a condom during the last sexual intercourse with their regular partner.Conclusion:There is scope for starting prevention programs among young professionals in the IT/ITES sector to mitigate their possible risk behaviors.

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The relationship of HIV prevalence in pregnant women to that in women of reproductive age

Abstract: Application of HIV seroprevalences from pregnant women to whole populations may need adjustment for fertility rates among HIV-infected women. A general method for this has been derived and validated. Gathering fertility data for HIV-infected women is a useful adjunct to serosurveillance.

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation

Estimating adult HIV prevalence in the UK in 2003: the direct method of estimation

Refusal bias in HIV prevalence estimates from nationally representative seroprevalence surveys

Sexual behavior and job stress in software professionals, Bengaluru - India

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