The Relationship of Early Risk and Current Mediators to Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescence

Reinherz, Helen Z.; Stewart-Berghauer, Geraldine; Pakiz, Bilgé; Frost, Abbie K.; Moeykens, Barbara; Holmes, William M.

doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00021

Cited by 136 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Pre-traumatic headache significantly impairing patients quality of life was analysed in terms of its frequency, divided into at least weekly or less than weekly, and its type, coded according to the International Headache Classification [28]. The relevance of personal and family history and the current social disposition were evaluated focusing on factors previously suggested [29][30][31][32] (see notes to Table I). …”

Section: Clinical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Early Somantic, Radiological, Congnitive and Psychosocial Findings and Outcome During a One-Year Follow-Up in 117 Patients Suffering From Common Whiplash

et al. 1994

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SUMMARYTo analyse the significance of the interplay between somatic and psychosocial factors in influencing the course of recovery a non-selected well defined group of 117 whiplash patients was investigated. Initial examination was performed, on average, 7.2 ± 4.2 days after trauma and follow-ups were carried out at 3, 6 and 12 months. At the initial investigation all patients were given a neurological examination, cognitive and psychosocial factor assessment and cervical spine X-rays. At each follow-up stepwise regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between initial findings and the course of recovery. Fifty-one (44%), 36 (31%) and 28 (24%) patients were symptomatic at 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. Poor improvement at all examinations was significantly correlated with factors associated with severity of injury such as initial symptoms of radicular irritation and intensity of neck pain. Moreover, results indicate that poor recovery is related to severity of injury in addition to some pre-traumatic factors (previous history of head trauma and headache) and initial injuryrelated reaction (i.e. sleep disturbances, reduced speed of information processing and nervousness). However, psychosocial factors did not prove predictive at any follow-up examination. These results indicate that symptoms suggesting a more severe neck injury appear to be particularly related to delayed recovery from common whiplash. Moreover these results may be of value in the obj ective evaluation of potentially difficult claims for compensation, which may in some cases be falsely based.

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Section: Clinical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Early Somantic, Radiological, Congnitive and Psychosocial Findings and Outcome During a One-Year Follow-Up in 117 Patients Suffering From Common Whiplash

et al. 1994

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“…Depression in children and adolescents has been associated with a number of risk factors, including genetic influences (Rice et al, 2002;, low self-esteem (Reinherz et al, 1989), cognitive factors (Cole & Jordan, 1995), and deficits in social skills (Altman & Gotlib, 1988). Genetic studies have demonstrated the importance of both genetic and environmental influences, particularly nonshared intra-and extra-familial environmental experiences (Birmaher et al, 1996;Cytryn & McKnew, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive Symptomatology in Child and Adolescent Twins With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Developmental Coordination Disorder

Piek¹,

et al. 2007

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Previous research has demonstrated a link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and depression. The present study utilized a monozygotic (MZ) differences design to investigate differences in depressive symptomatology between MZ twins discordant for ADHD or DCD. This extends previous research as it controls for genetic effects and shared environmental influences and enables the investigation of nonshared environmental influences. In addition, children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and DCD were compared on their level of depressive symptomatology to those with ADHD only, DCD only, and no ADHD or DCD. The parent-rated Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire, and Sad Affect Scale were used to assess ADHD, DCD, and depressive symptomatology respectively. The results revealed higher levels of depressive symptomatology in MZ twins with ADHD or DCD compared to their nonaffected co-twins. In addition, children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and DCD demonstrated higher levels of depressive symptomatology compared to those with ADHD only, DCD only, and no ADHD or DCD. The implications of these findings are discussed with emphasis on understanding and recognizing the relationship between ADHD, DCD, and depression in the assessment and intervention for children and adolescents with these disorders.

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“…Parental rejection, lack of parental warmth and support, and disturbed parent-child relationships have been frequently identified as another strong correlate and risk factor for adolescent depression (Barrera and GarrisonJones, 1992;Beam et al, 2002;Feindrich et al, 1990;Ge et al, 1994;Hops et al, 1990;Rueter et al, 1999;Stark et al, 1990;Steinhausen and Winkler Metzke, 2000). High family cohesion and adaptability does also seem to protect against adolescent depression (Cumsille and Epstein, 1994;Farrell and Barnes, 1993;Reinerz et al, 1989). Among further social factors the quality of peer relationships and of the school environment have been addressed in a few studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent and Young Adult Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms: Causal or Correlational Associations?

Steinhausen

Haslimeier

Metzke

2006

J Youth Adolescence

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Using a large longitudinal representative community sample, this study identified three groups of subjects who were depressed either in pre-adolescence, late adolescence or early adulthood, and matched by age and gender to controls without depression. The 90th percentile on one or two self-reported symptom scales [i. e. the Center for Epidemilogical Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or the subscale Anxious / Depressed subscale on either the Youth Self Report (YSR) or the Young Adult Self Report (YASR)] served as the cut-off for the depression groups. Psychosocial variables under study included life events and life events impact, coping, self-related cognitions, perceived parental rearing style, family relations, perceived school environment, and the internalizing (except anxious/depressed) and externalizing problem scale of the YSR/YASR. The study found a large number of time-related correlations between psychosocial factors and depression. Evidence for causal effect (either antecedent or consequent) was obtained only for self-esteem, perceived maternal rejection, and internalizing problems.

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The Relationship of Early Risk and Current Mediators to Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescence

Cited by 136 publications

References 22 publications

Relationship Between Early Somantic, Radiological, Congnitive and Psychosocial Findings and Outcome During a One-Year Follow-Up in 117 Patients Suffering From Common Whiplash

Relationship Between Early Somantic, Radiological, Congnitive and Psychosocial Findings and Outcome During a One-Year Follow-Up in 117 Patients Suffering From Common Whiplash

Depressive Symptomatology in Child and Adolescent Twins With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Developmental Coordination Disorder

Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent and Young Adult Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms: Causal or Correlational Associations?

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