The relationship of distance learning with ocular surface disorders in students in the COVID-19 pandemic

Uzun, Seda Liman; Topcu, Husna

doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02290-w

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Many clinical studies have investigated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on dry eye diseases. Most of these studies focus on the impact of the pandemic on the general population, such as college students [33], nurses [34], healthcare professionals [35], or study students learning online for long distances [36]. The research methods primarily focus on questionnaire surveys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

Liao

Wong

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Purpose: This study aims to compare dry eye parameters before and after COVID-19 infection in dry eye patients. Methods: We included 44 dry eye patients (88 eyes) from our existing dry eye cohort, with 22 belonging to the post-COVID-19 group due to a prior COVID-19 infection and the other 22 forming the non-COVID-19 group as they had no history of COVID-19. We examined and compared the dry eye parameters of the post-COVID-19 group, including the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer’s test results (ST), non-invasive Keratography tear break-up time (NIKBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and the grading of papillae and follicles, both before and after the COVID-19 infection. We also compared the dry eye parameters difference of the post-COVID-19 group with the non-COVID-19 group. Results: The post-COVID-19 group was comprised of individuals with an average age of 38.36 ± 14.99 years, of which 82% were female. The time interval between the two tests was 16.92 ± 5.40 months, which did not differ significantly from the non-COVID-19 group. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 eyes, the post-COVID-19 eyes showed a significant decrease in the average LLT (52.86 ± 18.00 nm vs. 63.00 ± 22.40 nm, p < 0.001), as well as the maximum LLT (67.89 ± 20.81 nm vs. 78.48 ± 20.55 nm, p < 0.001). The MGD in both the upper (1.75 ± 0.84) and lower eyelids (1.43 ± 0.73) worsened after a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the grading of papillae was worse following a COVID-19 infection (0.61 ± 0.69 vs. 0.16 ± 0.37, p < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression model revealed a negative association between COVID-19 infection and NIKBUT-average (β = −2.98, 95%CI: (−5.82, −0.15), p = 0.039), LLT-average (β = −14.12, 95%CI: (−22.66, −5.59), p = 0.001), and LLT max (β = −15.65, 95%CI: (−23.09, −8.20), p < 0.001). Conclusion: From preliminary results, we concluded that dry eye patients who have been infected with COVID-19 appear to have a more severe dry eye condition, as evidenced by lower LLT, worse papillae and MGD, and shorter NIKBUT. It is important to raise awareness of this potential long-term symptom of COVID-19, especially among existing dry eye patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

Liao

Wong

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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“…The schools in Asia were shuttered for roughly 40 weeks [ 2 ] and replaced with online learning to continue learning. These modifications to online education have resulted in increased exposure time to the digital devices used by school children [ 3 ], which has a negative impact on ocular surface [ 4 , 5 ] and leads to dry eye [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and associated factors for self-reported symptoms of dry eye among Thai school children during the COVID-19 outbreak

et al. 2023

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Purpose COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in digital screen time, which seemed to increase the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among the population with abnormally high digital screen usage hours. However, there are no reports of dry eye symptoms in school children with high digital usage hours. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of dry eye symptoms and evaluate the associated factors among school children aged 12 to 18 years during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods Multistage cluster sampling was applied, and six sections of online questionnaires were distributed to selected respondents in November 2021. The odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals (CIs) for the factors was calculated using binary logistic regression. All statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. Results The findings revealed that 62.5% of 603 students showed symptoms of dry eye (DEQ-5 score ≥ 6). Significant associated factors included being female (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.54; 95% CIs 1.05–2.25), higher-grade student (aOR 1.77; 95% CIs 1.23–2.57), digital screen time use (6 to < 12 hours: aOR 2.00; 95% CIs 1.12–3.57, ≥12 hours: aOR 2.54; 95% CIs 1.39–4.76), and perceived stress (aOR 1.12; 95% CIs 1.08–1.16). The Thai-Perceived Stress Scale-10 scores were positively correlated with the scores on the 5-item dry eye questionnaire (Spearman’s r = 0.38, p-value < 0.01). Conclusion A high prevalence of dry eye symptoms might be common among school children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Significant risk factors include being female, being a higher-grade level student, prolonged use of digital screens, and perceived stress. However, contact lens use, smoking, and the most common digital device usage patterns were not found to be contributing factors.

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“…[10][11][12] Currently, in China, the impact of digital screens on myopia in children and adolescents has garnered attention [13][14][15] and the increased exposure to digital screens has aggravated other ocular surface and psychological issues, such as DE and insomnia. [3,[16][17][18] Recent studies have reported that DED symptoms often accompany systemic comorbidities such as migraine, chronic pelvic pain, musculoskeletal pain, chronic pain conditions, irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and low quality of life. , [8,9,11,12] Both DED and sleep disorders have been implicated in reducing the quality of life, and recent studies have pointed to a possible relationship between sleep disturbance associated with circadian rhythm disruption and even hypertension and metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of insomnia on symptomatic dry eye during COVID-19 in China: An online survey

Qin,

Luan,

Chen

et al. 2023

Medicine

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Sleep is an essential determinant of health and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate sleep disorders and symptomatic dry eye (DE) occurrence. This study was a cross-sectional survey of 1393 participants in China. The insomnia severity index (ISI) Questionnaire was used to evaluate sleep quality, and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess DE symptoms. Subjects were divided into 2 groups based on subjects with and without symptomatic DE. The patients who had DE (10.48 ± 7.27) had substantially lower ISI scores compared to those without DE (3.57 ± 5.10) (P = .003). Furthermore, each ISI item and total ISI score was significantly correlated with OSDI dry eye severity and total OSDI dry eye score. Higher prevalence of insomnia was found in participants with symptomatic DE, and insomnia correlated significantly with DE symptoms. The present results suggest that clinicians and healthcare workers need to remember that DE and insomnia are highly co-existing health issues.

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The relationship of distance learning with ocular surface disorders in students in the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

Prevalence and associated factors for self-reported symptoms of dry eye among Thai school children during the COVID-19 outbreak

Effects of insomnia on symptomatic dry eye during COVID-19 in China: An online survey

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