The Relationship of Cigarette Smoking to Coronary Heart Disease

<b>The Etiology of &lsquo;Smoker&rsquo;s Paradox&rsquo; in Acute Myocardial Infarction With Special Emphasis on the Association With Inflammation</b>

“…There are large amounts of data that support the association between smoking and cardiovascular morbidity, including increased risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, [1][2][3] however, the precise mechanism by which smoking contributes to these events has not yet been established. Smoking cessation is associated with a substantial reduction in risk of all-cause mortality among patients with coronary heart disease.…”

“…artery disease, [1][2][3] considerable evidence in the literature suggests that habitual cigarette smokers have lower unadjusted mortality rates following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a phenomenon often termed 'smoker's paradox'. [4][5][6][7] Some investigators have shown that cigarette smokers, suffering an acute myocardial infarction, tend to be younger with less diffuse coronary artery disease and fewer comorbidities compared to nonsmokers and these differences have been invoked to explain many of the differences in early mortality.…”

Incidence of coronary heart disease in a population insured for medical care (HIP): myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and possible myocardial infarction.

“…Comparison between interview and mail survey responses was therefore restricted to two groups of men shown in Table C5-first, all men for whom the interview followed the mail survey regardless of the interval and men for whom the interview took place within the six months preceding it, and, second, men interviewed within 18 It is possible that a bias operated toward understatement of the number of smokers of two or more packs of cigarettes daily from mail survey information, but the frequencies in this category are too small to allow any "estimate" of the extent of such postulated bias. Nevertheless, since the possibility exists that the incidence rates of CHD computed for these heavy smokers may be somewhat inflated through the operation of such a bias, caution needs to exercised in estimating the magnitude of the disadvantage of the men smoking two or more pa6ks daily.…”

Synergistic effect of coronary artery disease risk factors on long-term survival in patients with normal exercise SPECT studies

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In a cohort of Framingham study patients without a history of disease, Lloyd-Jones et al 9 demonstrated that even one suboptimally controlled CAD risk factor profoundly increases the lifetime risk of CAD compared to patients with no CAD risk factors. Patients with CAD risk factors are commonly assessed using exercise testing, but the role that risk factors play in influencing outcomes among such patients is not well studied.…”