“…Vocabulary learning strategies pertain to actions that a learner takes to facilitate the completion of learning vocabularies (Gu, 2018). Empirical studies showed that effective VLS would enhance L2 language proficiency (Ajayi, 2015;Zhang and Lu, 2015;Susanto and binti Ab Halim, 2017), such as enlarging vocabulary size (e.g., Hamzah et al, 2009), and further determined second language context comprehension (Vedder and Benigno, 2016;Caro and Mendinueta, 2017). Understanding what kinds of VLS students adopt, and how students adopt them, is helpful for L2 educators to assist learners in internalizing meanings of target vocabulary, particularly receptive vocabulary knowledge (Wang, 2015;Rose et al, 2018).…”