The relationship between trait vulnerability and anxiety and depressive diagnoses at long-term follow-up of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Chambers, Julie A.; Power, Kevin; Durham, Robert C.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.001

Cited by 138 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Consistent with these genetic data, measures of emotionality such as neuroticism have been found to predict comorbidity patterns in these disorders [e.g. Chambers et al, 2004], yet a significant number of individuals with elevations on these dispositional variables do not have GAD or MDD [e.g., Rettew et al, 2006]. Further, Kessler et al [2004] warned that these results should be interpreted with caution, because models in these studies assume that the joint effects of genes and environment are additive and, thus, ignore genetic influence on environment.…”

Section: Diathesis Overlapmentioning

confidence: 78%

Is generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety or mood disorder? Considering multiple factors as we ponder the fate of GAD

et al. 2008

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate a strong relationship to each other at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, and both demonstrate substantial loadings on a higher-order negative affectivity factor. On the basis of these findings, there have been a number of calls to reclassify GAD in the same category as MDD (the "distress disorders"). However, any consideration of the reclassification of GAD should also take into account a number of other factors not only related to GAD and MDD but also to the overlap of these disorders with other anxiety and mood disorders. First, GAD has established reliability and validity in its own right, and specific features (e.g., worry) may become obscured by attempts at reclassification. Second, examination of the nature of the overlap of GAD and MDD with each other and with other disorders suggests a more complex pattern of differences between these conditions than has been suggested (e.g., MDD has strong relationships with other anxiety disorders, and GAD may be more strongly related to fear than it may first appear). Third, although findings suggest that GAD and MDD may have overlapping heritable characteristics, other evidence suggests that the two disorders may be distinguished by both environmental factors and temporal presentations. Finally, although overlap between GAD and MDD is reflected in their relationships to negative affectivity, temporal relationships between these disorders may be demonstrated by functional changes in emotional responsivity.

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Section: Diathesis Overlapmentioning

confidence: 78%

Is generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety or mood disorder? Considering multiple factors as we ponder the fate of GAD

et al. 2008

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“…Beyond hemispatial learning, the present results may also have clinical implications. Specifically, some individuals are at higher risk of developing mental disorders (Chambers et al, 2004;Indovina et al, 2011), and recent evidence links the development and maintenance of mental disorders to biased learning processes (Itzhak et al, 2014;Mineka and Oehlberg, 2008). Therefore, studying individual differences in the neural mechanisms underlying learning may be relevant for understanding why some individuals may be more likely than others to develop mental disorders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The left hemisphere learns what is right: Hemispatial reward learning depends on reinforcement learning processes in the contralateral hemisphere

2016

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a b s t r a c tOrienting biases refer to consistent, trait-like direction of attention or locomotion toward one side of space. Recent studies suggest that such hemispatial biases may determine how well people memorize information presented in the left or right hemifield. Moreover, lesion studies indicate that learning rewarded stimuli in one hemispace depends on the integrity of the contralateral striatum. However, the exact neural and computational mechanisms underlying the influence of individual orienting biases on reward learning remain unclear. Because reward-based behavioural adaptation depends on the dopaminergic system and prediction error (PE) encoding in the ventral striatum, we hypothesized that hemispheric asymmetries in dopamine (DA) function may determine individual spatial biases in reward learning. To test this prediction, we acquired fMRI in 33 healthy human participants while they performed a lateralized reward task. Learning differences between hemispaces were assessed by presenting stimuli, assigned to different reward probabilities, to the left or right of central fixation, i.e. presented in the left or right visual hemifield. Hemispheric differences in DA function were estimated through differential fMRI responses to positive vs. negative feedback in the left vs. right ventral striatum, and a computational approach was used to identify the neural correlates of PEs. Our results show that spatial biases favoring reward learning in the right (vs. left) hemifield were associated with increased reward responses in the left hemisphere and relatively better neural encoding of PEs for stimuli presented in the right (vs. left) hemifield. These findings demonstrate that trait-like spatial biases implicate hemispherespecific learning mechanisms, with individual differences between hemispheres contributing to reinforcing spatial biases.

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“…Responses to the positive and negative adjectives were summed separately, creating a positive affect and a negative affect score. The PANAS has been used in studies of younger (Chambers, Power, & Durham, 2004) and older patients with GAD. The internal consistency for the positive and negative subscales in the current sample were .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

Brenes

Knudson

McCall

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Despite the prevalence and impact of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in the primary care setting, little is known about its presentation in this setting. The purpose of this study is to examine age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of GAD in medical patients. Participants were recruited from one family medicine clinic and one internal medicine clinic. The prevalence of GAD was lowest for older adults. Age differences were found in the presentation of GAD, with young adults reporting greater cognitive symptoms of anxiety, negative affect, and depressive symptoms. African-Americans with GAD reported more positive affect and lower rates of treatment. The lower levels of negative affect and depressive symptoms reported among older adults may affect the recognition of GAD by primary care physicians. Further research is needed to better understand the causes of racial differences in treatment.

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The relationship between trait vulnerability and anxiety and depressive diagnoses at long-term follow-up of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Cited by 138 publications

References 31 publications

Is generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety or mood disorder? Considering multiple factors as we ponder the fate of GAD

Is generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety or mood disorder? Considering multiple factors as we ponder the fate of GAD

The left hemisphere learns what is right: Hemispatial reward learning depends on reinforcement learning processes in the contralateral hemisphere

Age and racial differences in the presentation and treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care

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