The relationship between training load and pain, injury and illness in competitive swimming: A systematic review

Barry, Louise; Lyons, Mark; McCreesh, Karen; Powell, Cormac; Comyns, Thomas M.

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.002

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 84 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In swim events, successful swimmers not only need to generate greater power, but also need an efficient stroke for propulsive force production as a result of fast speed in the pool. The present results may suggest swimmers who are undergoing greater stress sources and symptoms were struggled to pull the resistance in the anaerobic power test, consequently altered swim mechanics generating an inefficient stroke in any second 34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Seasonal changes in physiological and psychological parameters of stress in collegiate swimmers

Wang

Theall

Early

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To investigate the seasonal changes in physiological and psychological parameters of stress in collegiate swimmers. Fifteen NCAA Division I swimmers (8 men) participated in a tethered anaerobic swim test to determine physiological responses in an ecologically-relevant, graded exercise test. Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21), Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes (DALDA), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were assessed at post-season in April (V1), the end of off-season in June (V2), and pre-season in October (V3). The percent change was determined from V2–V1 (off-season phase), V3–V2 (pre-season phase), V1–V3 (in-season phase). Spearman’s rho correlation was used to examine associations between change in physiological and psychological outcomes. All data results showed a better swim performance occurred at V2. Men tended to have faster speed (p = 0.07) in fewer strokes (p = 0.10) and greater work per stroke (p = 0.10) at V2 than V1. Women were faster during V2 compared to V1 (p = 0.02) and V3 (p = 0.05). Women had fewer strokes (p = 0.02) and greater work per stroke (p = 0.01) at V2 compared to V3. Women had the lowest HR and lactate concentration at V3 compared to other visits (p < 0.05). During the in-season phase, swim speed decreased the greatest extent and stress sources and symptoms assessed by DALDA had greatest elevation (p < 0.05). An increased in stress sources and symptoms assessed by DALDA was associated with an increase in upper respiratory illness from WURSS-21 (rho = 0.44, p = 0.009), being less energetic (rho = − 0.35, p = 0.04) and greater tension state (rho = 0.49, p = 0.003; AD-ACL), and a decrease in swim speed (rho =− 0.38, p = 0.03). Swim performance peaked at off-season when psychological stress was at its lowest. The relationship between DALDA scores with psychological parameters and swim performance suggested physiological and psychological parameters of stress is an important aspect to avoid overtraining when approaching high swim performance.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Seasonal changes in physiological and psychological parameters of stress in collegiate swimmers

Wang

Theall

Early

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While these absolute training load measures have some individual support as shoulder injury risk factors, the overall evidence is not conclusive. An earlier systematic review of swimming training load and pain, injury, and illness 54 also reported no clear evidence of association between training volume and pain but did present one article 55 that found an association between retrospectively reported yearly training distance and injury. However, this article was excluded from the current study as shoulder injury data were not presented separately from other injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers: A systematic review

McKenzie,

Larequi,

Hams

et al. 2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AimTo synthesize and assess the literature for shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers.DesignSystematic review with best‐evidence synthesis.Data SourcesCINHAL, SportDiscus, Scorpus, PubMed, and Embase databases from 1966 to April 30 2022.Search and InclusionCohort, cross‐sectional, and case–control studies investigating shoulder pain or injury risk factors in competitive swimmers were included. Quality of eligible studies were assessed using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Risk factors were divided into four categories: modifiable‐intrinsic, modifiable‐extrinsic, non‐modifiable, and other/secondary.ResultsOf 1356 studies identified, 24 full texts were evaluated for methodological quality, 22 met the criteria and were included in best evidence synthesis. There was no strong evidence supporting or refuting the association between 80 assessed variables and shoulder injury or pain. The swimmers' competitive level (nondirectional), and shoulder muscle recruitment profiles (e.g., increased activity of serratus anterior) exhibited moderate evidence supporting an association. Conversely, internal and external range of motion, middle finger back scratch test, training frequency, specialty stroke, height/weight, sex, and age all had moderate evidence opposing an association. Limited evidence was found for 58 variables, and conflicting for 8. The highest quality study (n = 201) suggested high acute‐to‐chronic workload ratio and reduced posterior shoulder strength endurance are associated with injury.ConclusionsDue to the paucity of high‐quality studies, future prospective studies are needed to reevaluate known risk factor associations over exploring additional potential risk factors. Swimming practitioners should be aware of the nondirectional association of a swimmer's competitive level and pain, as squad changes could impact injury incidence. Moreover, swimmers experiencing shoulder pain may show increased activity in shoulder stabilizers during specific movements. Importantly, shoulder strength‐endurance may be the most clinically relevant modifiable intrinsic risk factor.

show abstract

“…15,21 Coupled with the multifactorial pathology of shoulder injury in swimming (which may involve multiple anatomical structures, 22 muscular imbalances, 23 and form variations 24 ), it may be reasonable to suggest that in addition to screening for risk factors (such as excessive and/ or limited range of motion, 24,25 muscular imbalances, 23 and history of injury), clinicians and researchers should also focus on secondary injury prevention strategies. Such strategies may include monitoring workload 26,27 as well as addressing the cycle of remission and exacerbation within overuse injuries. 16 Given that whole-body movement and coordination is necessary in swimming, it is important to identify that injury to the shoulder may be a functional manifestation of underlying core weakness.…”

Section: Injuries By Swimming-and Diving-specific Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Swimming and Diving: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Boltz

Robison

Morris

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored men's swimming and diving since 1937. Background Routine examinations of men's swimming and diving injuries are important for identifying emerging injury-related patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 1.56 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for swimmers and 1.52 per 1000 AEs for divers. Shoulder (27.0%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all swimming injuries, and most injuries were attributed to overuse mechanisms (42.6%). Shoulder (23.3%) and trunk (23.3%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all diving injuries, and most injuries resulted from surface contact (32.6%). Conclusions Findings were consistent with existing literature on swimming and diving. The need for continued surveillance, coupled with more robust participation by swimming and diving programs was also highlighted.

show abstract

The relationship between training load and pain, injury and illness in competitive swimming: A systematic review

Cited by 12 publications

References 84 publications

Seasonal changes in physiological and psychological parameters of stress in collegiate swimmers

Seasonal changes in physiological and psychological parameters of stress in collegiate swimmers

Shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers: A systematic review

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Swimming and Diving: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About