The Relationship Between Tire Mark Striations and Tire Forces

Beauchamp, Gray; Pentecost, David; Koch, Daniel; Rose, Nathan A.

doi:10.4271/2016-01-1479

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Beauchamp et al in [12] summarize the literature concerning the yaw mark striations issue, analyze the differences in the mechanism in which striations are deposited, and discuss the relationship between tire mark striations and tire forces. They conclude that in the case of tires with pronounced shoulder blocks the striations are typically produced by these blocks whereas tires with very low pressure or without a tread pattern are more likely to deposit striations by buckling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, regardless of whether the striations occur from buckling or tread blocks, their direction always follows the direction of the resultant tire velocity vector in the contact patch (called the wheel slip velocity and hereinafter referred to as v IO ). The only difference lies in the pitch of the striations, which in the case of striations created by the tread shoulder blocks gives the opportunity to estimate the longitudinal slip s x from the topology of the striations (according to the formula of Beauchamp et al [13], see also Equations ( 9) to (12) in this article), while in the case of buckling does not give the same possibility because of lack of a buckling wave pitch (a momentary and unique period of the buckling wave).…”

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Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Wach

Zębala

2021

Energies

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Tire yaw marks deposited on the road surface carry a lot of information of paramount importance for the analysis of vehicle accidents. They can be used: (a) in a macro-scale for establishing the vehicle’s positions and orientation as well as an estimation of the vehicle’s speed at the start of yawing; (b) in a micro-scale for inferring among others things the braking or acceleration status of the wheels from the topology of the striations forming the mark. A mathematical model of how the striations will appear has been developed. The model is universal, i.e., it applies to a tire moving along any trajectory with variable curvature, and it takes into account the forces and torques which are calculated by solving a system of non-linear equations of vehicle dynamics. It was validated in the program developed by the author, in which the vehicle is represented by a 36 degree of freedom multi-body system with the TMeasy tire model. The mark-creating model shows good compliance with experimental data. It gives a deep view of the nature of striated yaw marks’ formation and can be applied in any program for the simulation of vehicle dynamics with any level of simplification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Wach

Zębala

2021

Energies

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Tire Mark Striations: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

Beauchamp¹,

Thornton²,

Bortles³

et al. 2016

SAE Int. J. Trans. Safety

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Previous work demonstrated that the orientation of tire mark striations can be used to infer the braking actions of the driver [1]. An equation that related tire mark striation angle to longitudinal tire slip, the mathematical definition of braking, was presented. This equation can be used to quantify the driver's braking input based on the physical evidence. Braking input levels will affect the speed of a yawing vehicle and quantifying the amount of braking can increase the accuracy of a speed analysis. When using this technique in practice, it is helpful to understand the sensitivity and uncertainties of the equation. The sensitivity and uncertainty of the equation are explored and presented in this study. The results help to formulate guidelines for the practical application of the method and expected accuracy under specified conditions. A case study is included that demonstrates the analysis of tire mark striations deposited during a real-world accident.

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Speed Analysis of Yawing Passenger Vehicles Following a Tire Tread Detachment

Beauchamp¹,

Pentecost²,

Koch³

et al. 2019

SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents yaw testing of vehicles with tread removed from tires at various locations. A 2004 Chevrolet Malibu and a 2003 Ford Expedition were included in the test series. The vehicles were accelerated up to speed and a large steering input was made to induce yaw. Speed at the beginning of the tire mark evidence varied between 33 mph and 73 mph. Both vehicles were instrumented to record over the ground speed, steering angle, yaw angle and in some tests, wheel speeds. The tire marks on the roadway were surveyed and photographed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The Critical Speed Formula has long been used by accident reconstructionists for estimating a vehicle’s speed at the beginning of yaw tire marks. The method has been validated by previous researchers to calculate the speed of a vehicle with four intact tires. This research extends the Critical Speed Formula to include yawing vehicles following a tread detachment event. The Critical Speed Formula was found to produce results of acceptable and known accuracy, provided the appropriate inputs are used for the given situation and several guidelines are observed. The inputs and guidelines for the use of the Critical Speed Formula for these tread detachment scenarios are discussed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">For all tests analyzed, the tire mark evidence was documented with survey equipment, photographs and drone footage. In the past, it may have been necessary to take tire mark radius measurements in the field for use in the Critical Speed Formula. However, with the advent of modern documentation techniques, radius measurements can be taken from a scaled scene diagram and acceptable accuracy in the speed calculations can be achieved.</div></div>

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The Relationship Between Tire Mark Striations and Tire Forces

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Tire Mark Striations: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

Speed Analysis of Yawing Passenger Vehicles Following a Tire Tread Detachment

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