The Relationship Between the Use and Effectiveness of Imagery: An Exploratory Investigation

Weinberg, Robert S.; Butt, Joanne; Knight, Betsy; Burke, Kelly; Jackson, Allen W.

doi:10.1080/10413200305398

Cited by 74 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Inspection of means in Table 2 indicated that these differences are due to higher mean scores of males than females on each of these variables. These results are similar to the findings from the Weinberg, Butt, Knight, Burke and Jackson (2003) study where a sample of university men, compared with a sample of university women, used imagery more frequently and perceived it to be more effective. The results also concur with Kirkpatrick, Hebert and Bartholomew"s (2005) research, which suggested higher levels of motivation in college men than college women with special reference to challenge, competition, strength and endurance in sport and exercise.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Establishment of norms for the Bull‟s Mental Skills Questionnaire in South African university students: An exploratory study

Edwards¹,

Steyn²

2011

Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. & Dance

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In various South African academic and professional fields, such as Sport and Exercise Psychology, mental skills are measured individually and/or collectively using internationally developed scales. Local norms are needed for such measures. The purpose of this study was to establish preliminary South African norms, in the form of means and standard deviations, for one such United Kingdom developed collectively orientated mental skill measure. The Bull"s Mental Skills Questionnaire, consists of seven mental skill subscales: imagery ability (ia), mental preparation (mp), self-confidence (sc), anxiety and worry management (awm), concentration ability (ca), relaxation ability (ra) and motivation (m), which collectively produce a total mental skills score. For the purpose of obtaining a large sample size for this exploratory study, data were collected from 419 male and female university students with a mean age of 20.18 years. Results suggested significant correlations among all subscales, except between imagery ability and anxiety and worry management, as well as significant differences between males and females for imagery ability and motivation. There were no significant differences between ages or between younger and older mean age groups. Results are compared with previous South Africa studies where the scale has been used. Recommendations for future research are made.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Establishment of norms for the Bull‟s Mental Skills Questionnaire in South African university students: An exploratory study

Edwards¹,

Steyn²

2011

Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. & Dance

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“…Craig Hall and his colleagues developed a series of questionnaires to measure the use of imagery by athletes in sport and exercise. These were the Imagery Use Questionnaire (Hall et al, 1990; recently altered by Weinberg, Butt, Knight, Burke, & Jackson, 2003), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998), and the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ; Hausenblas, Hall, Rodgers, & Monroe, 1999). In general, these questionnaires present a series of statements about imagery use during sport or exercise and the participant responds by rating the frequency with which he or she engages in the specified kind of imagery.…”

Section: Mcavinue and Robertsonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring motor imagery ability: A review

McAvinue

Robertson

2008

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

121

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“…Some researchers (e.g., Weinberg, Butt, Knight, Burke, & Jackson, 2003) have shown that frequency of imagery use and perceived effectiveness of imagery were highly correlated (ranging from .78 to .84 for the different SIQ subscales). However, other researchers have noted that athletes perceived some of the items on the SIQ to be debilitative-but still used them to a certain degree (Short, Monsma, & Short, 2007).…”

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confidence: 97%

The Frequency and Perceived Effectiveness of Images Used to Build, Maintain, and Regain Confidence

Ross-Stewart

Short

2009

Journal of Applied Sport Psychology

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This exploratory study investigated the content of the images athletes use to build, maintain, and regain their confidence. It also investigated their perceptions of the effectiveness of images for these confidence sub-functions. Participants were 142 college student athletes (60% female) from the central north area of the United States or Canada. Participants completed a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Stevens, & Paivio, 2005). Data were analyzed using a repeated measures design at the subscale level, and using descriptive statistics at the item level. For imagery use, there was a significant main effect for imagery subscales, confidence sub-functions, and a significant interaction between the imagery subscales and confidence sub-functions (p < .05). For imagery effectiveness, there were significant main effects for both imagery subscales and confidence sub-functions. At the individual item level, analyses revealed that athletes used different images depending on whether they were building, maintaining, or regaining confidence, and that the images that were the most used were not always perceived to be the most effective. In general, the results provide sport psychology researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of the imagery-confidence relationship. The item level results are particularly meaningful for sport psychology practitioners because they indicate which images athletes used and perceived to be the most effective for building, maintaining, and regaining confidence.Imagery is considered to be one of the most popular performance enhancement techniques or psychological skills because of its versatility in affecting several different outcomes. According to Paivio (1985), imagery has both cognitive and motivational functions when influencing behavior, and can operate on both specific and general levels. Using this framework as their basis, Hall, Mack, Paivio, and Hausenblas (1998;Hall, Stevens, & Paivio, 2005) developed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) to measure how often athletes use these functions of imagery. Based on exploratory factor analysis results, they operationalized five functions of imagery: cognitive specific (CS: imaging specific perceptual motor skills), cognitive general (CG: imaging strategies), motivation specific (MS: imaging goal oriented responses), motivation general-arousal (MG-A: imaging arousal), and motivation general-mastery (MG-M: imaging mastering challenging situations). Paivio's (1985) framework and the corresponding SIQ subscales were used as the centerpieces of the applied model of imagery use proposed by Martin, Moritz, and Hall (1999). In this model, these five imagery functions (or imagery types as called by Martin et al.) were linked with specific psychological and behavioral outcomes (i.e., the result of imagery; Murphy, Nordin, & Cumming, 2006).

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The Relationship Between the Use and Effectiveness of Imagery: An Exploratory Investigation

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Establishment of norms for the Bull‟s Mental Skills Questionnaire in South African university students: An exploratory study

Establishment of norms for the Bull‟s Mental Skills Questionnaire in South African university students: An exploratory study

Measuring motor imagery ability: A review

The Frequency and Perceived Effectiveness of Images Used to Build, Maintain, and Regain Confidence

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