“…These indices included the normalized difference building index (NDBI) [26,27,34,35], normalized difference impervious index (NDISI) [14], index based built-up index (IBI) [7,27,36,37], new built-up index (NBI) [16], urban index (UI) [14,16], dry built-up index (DBI) [14], normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) [24,26,38,39], soil-regulating vegetation index (SAVI) [16,36,40,41], enhanced vegetation index (EVI) [42], normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) [43,44], normalized difference water index (NDWI) [14,15,24,26], modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) [14,39,40,43], normalized difference bareness index (NDBaI) [24,26,35,45], bare soil index (BSI) [14,16], dry bare soil index (DBI) [14], etc. Most studies focused on the relationships between LSTs and the above-mentioned LU/LC indices during the daytime [24,26,46,47] and only a few during the nighttime …”