The Relationship Between the Joint Space and Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement: Reevaluating the 2-mm Rule

Abstract

Background: A limited joint space (<2 mm) is associated with poorer outcomes and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) after hip arthroscopic surgery. As indications for hip arthroscopic surgery expand, it is important to reevaluate established risk factors among large patient populations. Purpose: To reevaluate the relationship between the radiographic joint space and outcomes after hip arthroscopic surgery and to assess the validity of a joint space of 2 mm as the accepted cutoff for successful hip arthroscopic surgery. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients aged 18 to 50 years who underwent hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement between January 2008 and December 2016 and had a minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Patients with previous ipsilateral hip surgery, a history of hip fractures, dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle <20°), or osteoarthritis (Tonnis grade >2) were excluded. The joint space was categorized as diminished (≤2 mm), borderline (>2 to ≤3 mm), or preserved (>3 mm). Minimum 2-year patient-reported outcomes (modified Harris Hip Score [mHHS], Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living [HOS-ADL], Hip Outcome Score–Sports-Specific Subscale [HOS-SSS]), revision rates, and rates of conversion to THA were compared between groups. Results: A total of 699 patients (782 hips) with a mean age of 33.8 ± 10.1 years met 2-year inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up time was 4.2 ± 2.1 years. Overall, 51 hips (6.5%) had a diminished joint space, 297 (38.0%) had a borderline joint space, and 434 (55.5%) had a preserved joint space. Patients with a diminished joint space had larger femoral and acetabular defects compared with those with larger joint spaces. All groups had improved patient-reported outcome scores compared with baseline ( P < .001 for all), and there were no differences between the groups in the percentage of patients who reached the minimal clinically important difference or patient acceptable symptom state. There were also no differences between the groups in revision rates ( P = .95). A greater number of hips with a diminished joint space converted to THA (n = 8 [15.7%]) compared with those with a borderline (n = 9 [3.0%]) or preserved (n = 9 [2.1%]) joint space ( P < .001). Considering joint space as a continuous variable, adjusted logistic regression showed that for every millimeter decrease in the joint space, the odds of conversion to THA increased by a factor of 2.5 (odds ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.6-3.8]). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with a diminished joint space were at a higher risk of conversion to THA. Although 2 mm should not serve as a strict cutoff, patients should be counseled based on their preoperative radiographic findings accordingly.

Association Between Chondrolabral Junction Breakdown and Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty After Hip Arthroscopy for Symptomatic Labral Tears: Minimum 8-Year Follow-up

“…Regarding Tönnis classification, our findings validate previous studies correlating higher grades with inferior outcomes at all follow-up time points. 6 , 8 , 12 , 38 , 59 Also using preoperative radiographs, Philippon et al 43 and Ruzbarsky et al 50 reported an association between diminished joint space and higher rates of conversion to THA. The present study similarly identified this association but only in the sensitivity analysis not including Tönnis grade.…”

“…Again, this limitation is intrinsic to the study design, and excluding these patients would both inflate survival estimates and preclude substantiation of established risk factors (eg, Tönnis grade ≥2 or severe joint space narrowing). 12 , 38 , 43 , 50 Third, due to the relatively recent practice of routine PROM collection, preoperative PROMs were not available, preventing the analysis of postoperative score changes or clinically meaningful improvements and representing an important consideration for future investigations. However, the primary outcome of this study was conversion to THA; the lack of preoperative PROMs did not diminish our ability to establish associations between patient-specific characteristics and rates of conversion.…”

A Deep Learning Approach for Automatic 3D Segmentation of Hip Cartilage and Labrum from Direct Hip MR Arthrography

“…This is important as high-resolution 3D sequences for evaluation of cartilage and labrum are commonly acquired in most institutions as part of the routine workup. Volumetric analysis of cartilage thickness yields great potential to improve the moderate prognostic value which has been demonstrated for indirect assessment of cartilage thickness based on evaluation of radiographic joint space narrowing 14,15 .…”

The revision hip arthroscopy complex: capsular deficiency, labral deficiency, femoral over-resection and adhesions can result in good survivorship with revision hip arthroscopy

“…In the current study, two patients, age 39 and 54 with minimum joint space of 2.1 and 1.2 mm, respectively, at time of surgery converted to THA. Studies have demonstrated joint space, presence of severe chondral defects and age to be important predictors of failure [ 39 , 40 ]. Patients at risk of early failure of hip arthroscopy should be educated on the success rates of both procedures, the expected recoveries, as well as the rehabilitation.…”