The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Vocabulary Learning Strategies in EFL Learners

Abstract

Abstract-Spiritual intelligent or spiritual quotient refers to people's capacity to express, manifest, and represent spiritual resources, values, and properties to improve every day performance. Vocabulary learning strategies relates to any group of procedures which language learners apply to find the meaning of a new word, to keep in mind the knowledge of newly-learned word, and to develop one's vocabulary .This paper investigates the relationship between EFL learners' spiritual intelligence (SI) and their use of vocabulary learning strategies. The aim of the study was to determine how these two constructs correlate with each other. To this end, 120 EFL students from Public University of Shiraz and Islamic Azad University of Shiraz took part in vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire (Schmitt's, 2001) and the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (King, 2008) questionnaires. The obtained results indicated a statistically significant relationship between SI and vocabulary learning strategies. The results of multiple regressions showed that there was a significant correlation between all SI subscales and metacognitive strategies and social strategies. The results also showed that males with their higher scores in vocabulary learning strategies usage and are significantly superior to females. Also females are superior to males and they have higher spiritual intelligence scores.

Does Spiritual Intelligence Link with Happiness and Psychological Adjustment among University Students?

“…Women are more spiritually intelligent and are more psychologically adjusted as compared to men. These findings are supported by Azizi and Zamaniyan (2013) who conducted a study on SI and found that females have higher scores on SI as compared to males. Moreover, several previous studies conducted on spiritual intelligence found that gender has a significant effect on spiritual intelligence such that women have more spiritual intelligence than men (Munawar & Tariq, 2018;Nodehi & Nehardani, 2013).…”

Modeling spiritual intelligence on quality of work life of college teachers: a mediating role of psychological capital

“…The concept of spiritual intelligence was introduced by Barnum et al (1998). It is the capacity of a person to express, demonstrate and exemplify spiritual resources, values and possessions to improve his/her everyday performance (Azizi and Zamaniyan, 2013). Spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (King, 2008) explains its four main constituents as critical existential thinking (CET), personal meaning production (PMP), transcendental awareness (TA) and conscious state expansion (CSE).…”

“…TA incorporates an ability to recognize superior dimensions of the self, of others and of the physical world (King and DeCicco, 2009), which leads to a transition from a physical world to a philosophical world (Nazam, 2014). CSE is a state of awareness to external and internal environment (Nazam, 2014) which enables a person to move toward supreme state of realization (Kotnala, 2014) such as pure cognizance and cosmic consciousness (Azizi and Zamaniyan, 2013) through prayer, meditation or contemplation (Smartt, 2014).…”

Memory Strategies for Vocabulary Learning Employed by Saudi Undergraduate EFL Learners

“…The future of research into vocabulary learning using language strategies is currently in this direction (Pawlak and Oxford, 2018). Different learners employ different strategies in learning vocabulary, but every strategy depends on the needs, age, and cognitive strength of the learners (Azizi and Zamaniyan, 2013;Yazdi and Kafipour, 2014;Griffiths, 2015;Nisbet and Shucksmith, 2017).…”