The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and CV Risk Factors: The
                        CRONICAS Cohort Study of Peruvian Adults

Quispe, Renato; Benziger, Catherine P.; Bazo‐Alvarez, Juan Carlos; Howe, Laura D; Checkley, William; Gilman, Robert H.; Smeeth, Liam; Bernabé‐Ortiz, Antonio; Miranda, J. Jaime; Casas, Juan P.; Smith, George Davey; Ebrahim, Shah; Málaga, Germán; Montori, Víctor M.; Diette, Gregory B.; Huicho, Luis; León‐Velarde, Fabiola; Rivera, María I.; Wise, Robert A.; Garcı́a, Héctor H.; Sacksteder, Katherine A.

doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2015.12.005

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…29 Prior research has reported higher rates of cardiovascular disease, including AF, among those with lower SES. [30][31][32][33][34] As expected, we found that age-standardized incidence rates of AF decreased in a doseresponse fashion with higher income and education, regardless of race and sex. Our findings are consistent with a previous ARIC report that specifically focused on examining the association between SES and AF incidence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation by Race and Socioeconomic Status

Mou

Norby

Chen

et al. 2018

Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology

163

102

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BACKGROUND:Limited information exists on the lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in African Americans and by socioeconomic status. METHODS:We studied 15 343 participants without AF at baseline from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) cohort recruited in 1987 to 1989 from 4 communities in the United States when they were 45 to 64 years of age. Participants have been followed through 2014. Incidence rates of AF were calculated dividing the number of new cases by personyears of follow-up. Lifetime risk of AF was estimated by a modified Kaplan-Meier method considering death as a competing risk. Participants' family income and education were obtained at baseline. RESULTS:We identified 2760 AF cases during a mean follow-up of 21 years. Lifetime risk of AF was 36% (95% confidence interval, 32%-38%) in white men, 30% (95% confidence interval, 26%-32%) in white women, 21% (95% confidence interval, 13%-24%) in African American men, and 22% (95% confidence interval, 16%-25%) in African American women. Regardless of race and sex, incidence rates of AF decreased from the lowest to the highest categories of income and education. In contrast, lifetime risk of AF increased in individuals with higher income and education in most sex-race groups. Cumulative incidence of AF was lower in those with higher income and education compared with their low socioeconomic status counterparts through earlier life but was reversed after age 80.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation by Race and Socioeconomic Status

Mou

Norby

Chen

et al. 2018

Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology

163

102

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“…En este contexto, algunos estudios también han demostrado la asociación entre una velocidad de marcha lenta y las inequidades sociales, el ambiente o entorno en el que viven, el soporte social que reciben y la cohesión y relaciones sociales que son a su vez determinantes directos del estado de salud de las personas mayores (17)(18)(19) . De la misma, se ha demostrado que las desventajas socioeconómicas en la adultez y la tercera edad condicionan tasas elevadas de enfermedades crónicas, morbilidad y discapacidad, eventos finales que son precedidos por condiciones subclínicas como deterioro funcional, un bajo nivel de capacidad física y, muy precozmente, por una velocidad de la marcha lenta (20)(21)(22) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Factores asociados a velocidad de marcha lenta en adultos mayores de un distrito en Lima, Perú

Rodríguez

Burga-Cisneros

Cipriano

et al. 2017

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados a velocidad de marcha lenta en adultos mayores de la comunidad residentes en un distrito de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de análisis de base de datos secundario. Se incluyó a los adultos mayores de 60 años y se excluyó aquellos con condiciones que no garantizaban la evaluación de la marcha. La variable dependiente fue la velocidad de marcha lenta, menor a 1 m/s, y las variables independientes fueron sociodemográficas, clínicas y de valoración geriátrica integral. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados. Se incluyeron 416 adultos mayores, el rango de edad fue de 60 a 99 años y un 41% presentaba velocidad de marcha lenta. Se encontró que los factores asociados a una velocidad de marcha lenta en adultos mayores de la comunidad son el sexo femenino (RP 1,45, IC95%: 1,13-1,88), la edad mayor de 70 años (RP 1,73, IC95%: 1,30-2,30), un menor grado de instrucción (RP. 2.07, IC95%: 1,20-3,55), la presencia de problema socio familiar (RP 1,66, IC95%: 1,08-2,54), la presencia de diabetes mellitus (RP 1,35, IC95%: 1,01-1,80) y de depresión (RP: 1.41, IC95%: 1,02-1,95). Conclusiones. Los factores modificables asociados a una velocidad de marcha lenta en el adulto mayor en la comunidad son tanto clínicos como sociofamiliares, susceptibles de intervención desde etapas precoces en el curso de la vida. Palabras clave: Velocidad de marcha, adulto mayor, comunidad. (Fuente: DeCS BIREME) FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW WALKING SPEED IN OLDER ADULTS OF A DISTRICT IN LIMA, PERU ABSTRACTObjectives. To determine the factors associated with slow walking speed in older adults living in a district of Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. Analysis of secondary data. Adults older than 60 years were included in the study, while adults with physical conditions who did not allow the evaluation of the walking speed were excluded. The dependent variable was slow walking speed (less than 1 m/s), and the independent variables were sociodemographic, clinical, and geriatric data. Raw and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results. The study sample included 416 older adults aged 60 to 99 years, and 41% of the participants met the slow walking speed criterion. The factors associated with slow walking speed in this sample were female gender (PR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.13-1.88), age > 70 years (PR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.30-2.30), lower level of education (PR, 2.07, 95% CI, 1.20-3.55), social-familial problems (PR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.08-2.54), diabetes mellitus (PR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01-1.80), and depression (PR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02-1.95). Conclusions. The modifiable factors associated with slow walking speed in older adults included clinical and social-familial problems, and these factors are susceptible to interventions from the early stages of life.

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“…A weighted sum of the assets and facilities was calculated for each participants' household and the resulting index was divided in tertiles. 29 Blood pressure was measured at baseline, 15 months post-baseline, and 30-months post-baseline. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and 30-months post-baseline.…”

Section: Study Design and Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air pollution exposures and cardiometabolic health across four diverse settings in Peru: a cross-sectional study

Kephart

Fandiño-Del-Río

Koehler

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Indoor air pollution is an important risk factor for health in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We measured indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in 617 houses across four settings with varying urbanisation, altitude, and biomass cookstove use in Peru, between 2010 and 2016. We assessed the associations between indoor pollutant concentrations and blood pressure (BP), exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), C-reactive protein (CRP), and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) using multivariable linear regression. Results We found high concentrations of indoor PM 2.5 across all four settings (geometric mean ± geometric standard deviation of PM 2.5 daily average in µg/m 3 ): Lima 41.1 ± 1.3, Tumbes 35.8 ± 1.4, urban Puno 14.1 ± 1.7, and rural Puno 58.8 ± 3.1. High indoor CO concentrations were common in rural households (geometric mean ± geometric standard deviation of CO daily average in ppm): rural Puno 4.9 ± 4.3. Higher indoor PM 2.5 was associated with having a higher systolic BP (1.51 mmHg per interquartile range (IQR) increase, 95% CI 0.16 to 2.86), a higher diastolic BP (1.39 mmHg higher DBP per IQR increase, 95% CI 0.52 to 2.25), and a higher eCO (2.05 ppm higher per IQR increase, 95% CI 0.52 to 3.57). There was no evidence of associations between indoor air exposures and CRP or HbA1c outcomes. Conclusions Excessive indoor concentrations of PM 2.5 are widespread across varying levels of urbanisation, altitude, and biomass cookstove use in Peru and are associated with worse BP and higher eCO.

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The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and CV Risk Factors: The CRONICAS Cohort Study of Peruvian Adults

Cited by 37 publications

References 58 publications

Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation by Race and Socioeconomic Status

Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation by Race and Socioeconomic Status

Factores asociados a velocidad de marcha lenta en adultos mayores de un distrito en Lima, Perú

Indoor air pollution exposures and cardiometabolic health across four diverse settings in Peru: a cross-sectional study

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