The relationship between skin maturation and electrical skin impedance

Emery, Michelle M.; Hebert, Adelaide A.; Vila-Coro, Antonio Aguirre; Prager, Thomas C.

doi:10.1016/0923-1811(91)90026-t

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On the other hand, 99mTc-pertechnetate migration only takes place when the radioactive tracer has been injected at points of low electrical resistance [2] and in the presence of electrical insulation of the subcutaneous environment whether by undamaged skin [3,7,8] or by insulating agents appropriately covering a surgical wound. This suggests that movement of the radioactive tracer may be related to the action of some force of electrical type by means of a mechanism that might be similar to that of capillary electrophoresis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SuceessNe migration patterns found in type-II experiments could also be explained by this hypothesis. After a cutaneous incision that intersected the migration pathway, the proportion of 99~l'c-pertechnetate migrating longitudinally increased as insulation of the subcutaneous environment improved until insulating conditions were sufficiently appropriate to allow restoration of the linear migration pattern, without the necessity of waiting for the healing process to be completed [7,8]. Individual differences in the length of time required for the reestablishment of 99mTc-pertechnetate migration may reflect differences in terms of the speed of attaining insulation according to factors such as spontaneous healing capacity of each animal, amount of bleeding, and correct positioning and cleanness of the suture borders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m in dogs

et al. 2000

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Hypodermic injection of technetium-99m (99mTc-pertechnetate) at points of low electrical resistance give rise to rapid, longitudinal, and progressive diffusion of the radioactive tracer. We assessed the effect of cutaneous incisions that did not intersect the migration trajectory of 99mTc-pertechnetate and the re-establishment of pathways after the suture of incisions that intersected the migration trajectory. Linear and rapid migration of 99mTc-pertechnetate was not altered or prevented by incisions that did not intersect the migration pathway. Different patterns of 99mTc-pertechnetate spread were found when incisions intersected the radioactive pathways until restoration of the normal migration pathway observed in undamaged skin occurred. In all experiments in which migration of 99mTc-pertechnetate was observed, lavage of surgical wounds was followed by disappearance of the 99mTc-pertechnetate migration observed around the suture. Linear migration of the tracer was not observed when the incision was left uncovered, filled with petroleum jelly, or with a solid silicone sheet, but it was seen when non-sutured incisions were filled with transonic or silicone gel or covered with a solid silicone sheet parallel to the cutaneous plane. These data show that after a cutaneous incision that intersected the diffusion trajectory of the radioactive tracer, linear migration of 99mTc-pertechnetate hypodermically injected at points of low electrical resistance was restored before healing of the cutaneous incision and was independent of incisions made on the skin not overlying the radioactive pathway. A mechanism similar to that of capillary electrophoresis is suggested to explain the hypodermic diffusion of inert particles through specific and constant linear pathways.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m in dogs

et al. 2000

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“…In addition to biochemical analysis, various electrical meas- urements have been used to study human skin (6)(7)(8)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). During the last trimester, for example, the production of vernix in conjunction with development of the stratum corneum markedly changes the surface electrical properties of the fetus (16,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the newborn period, the skin surface has been studied using electrical conductance as a measure of surface hydration (7). Capacitance, a closely related electrical measurement, has been used extensively in the stud y of the skin of adult humans and animals (6,8,13,14). The evaporimeter, a commonly used instrument in studies of transepidermal water loss, measures capacitance changes in polymer films as a function of humidity at various distances from the skin surface ( 18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Newborn Skin: The Effect of Isopropanol on Skin Surface Hydrophobicity

et al. 1994

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MATERIALS AND METHODSproperties (7). When in contact with water, for example. the skin surface of the newborn adsorbs (holds on to) less water than the surface of human adult skin (7). The sources of the hydrophobicity of newborn skin are as yet undetermined but likely include a superficial layer of lipids associated with the vernix caseosa.In this study, we have focused on determining the degree of water binding of the human newborn skin surface during the first 24 h of life. The sorption (binding) and desorption (release) of water were measured by electrical capacitance. a standard method for determining the degree of surface hydration (8). Specifically. we measured the peak sorption and the rate of desorption of water on the surface of the skin of 13 term newborns before and after perturbation of the surface with isopropanol. Isopropanol was chosen because it is an organic solvent commonly used in most newborn nurseries as a surface disinfectant and as a "degreasing" agent before the application of adhesive tape and surface electrodes.Human subjects. The study group consisted of 13 term newborns admitted to the Newborn Nursery of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. All infants were screened by obstetric and family history and physical examination. Exclusion criteria included chorioamnionitis, congenital skin anomalies, maternal drug use of medications, and local abrasions of the skin surface. The infants had an average birth weight of 3200 ± 52 (SEM) and an average gestational age of 39 ± I wk. Seven of 13 infants were female and eight of 13 were black (five were white), and three infants were delivered by cesarean section. All infants were bathed at 4 h of age with Safeguard bar soap. The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and informed consent was obtained from the mothers before enrollment of the infants in the study.Capacitance measurements. Skin surface capacitance . as a measure of surface hydration, was determined using a batteryoperated Dermaphase Meter, model 9003 (NOVA Technology Corp., Gloucester, MA). This instrument has a spring-loaded probe head with a flat contact surface (diameter = 5 mm) containing two concentric brass electrodes separated by a nonconducting resin. The instrument readings (c) were converted to pF with the formula (8.38 x 10-6 x c') -(4.0 X 10-3 x c 2 ) + 1.668c -122.1. This formula was generated by fitting a cubic polynomial to the calibration curve provided by NOVA Technology Corp. The capacitance of the skin surface (the ratio of charge to potential on an electrically charged isolated conductor) is directly related to its degree of hydration (8). Capacitance measurements were performed at the bedside and data downloaded on-line to a Compaq laptop computer. Data files were subsequently transferred to a Hewlett-Packard 486/66N computer for analysis using Lotus 1-2-3 software.Clinical protocol. Tests of water sorption and desorption were performed in 13 term newborn infants between 12 and 24 h...

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“…Impedance is the resistance to current flow. It reflects the quality of the electrode-skin contact (Emery, Hebert, Aguirre Vila-Coro, & Prager, 1991). High electrode impedances increase the susceptibility of the measurement system to several sources of common mode noise that are typical in clinical or laboratory environments, such as lighting, ventilation, computer, IV infusion, and other electrical systems (Rahal, Khor, Demosthenous, Tizzard, & Bayford, 2009), and thus may affect aEEG interpretation accuracy.…”

Section: Challenges For Aeeg Recording Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrode Challenges in Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG): Research Application of a Novel Noninvasive Measure of Brain Function in Preterm Infants

Foreman

Thorngate

Burr

et al. 2011

Biological Research For Nursing

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Continuous real-time brain function monitoring of preterm infants offers a novel way to evaluate neurological development in neonatal intensive care. Direct measurement of brain function is difficult and complicated by vulnerabilities of the preterm infant population. This study illustrates the feasibility of using noninvasive hydrogel electrodes with amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) as a simplified brain monitor in preterm infants. This article presents a systematic exploration of factors influencing the accuracy of aEEG measurement, especially skin preparation procedures and skin condition after electrode placement. The authors conducted aEEG recordings on 16 medically stable preterm infants at 31-36 weeks postmenstrual age in the neonatal intensive care unit between feedings and caregiving for approximately 3 hr. The authors systematically performed several strategies to improve electrode placement procedures and reduce skin impedance, including (a) examination of possible influences of environmental electrical equipment, (b) comparison of different hydrogel electrode types, (c) modification of skin preparation procedures, and (d) assessment of impacts of different skin conditions. The authors achieved improvements in the impedance value, length of uninterrupted recording, and percentage of the recording duration with measured impedance <20 kΩ (recommended acceptable limit). There was no report of skin irritation during or after the recording. The aEEG measurement at the bedside using hydrogel electrodes is noninvasive and feasible for reliable brain monitoring in preterm infants. This study demonstrated the importance of establishing systematic methods to ensure the accuracy and feasibility of physiologic measurements for nurse researchers.

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The relationship between skin maturation and electrical skin impedance

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Migration pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m in dogs

Migration pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m in dogs

Human Newborn Skin: The Effect of Isopropanol on Skin Surface Hydrophobicity

Electrode Challenges in Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG): Research Application of a Novel Noninvasive Measure of Brain Function in Preterm Infants

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