The Relationship between Running Velocity and the Energy Cost of Turning during Running

Abstract

Ball game players frequently perform changes of direction (CODs) while running; however, there has been little research on the physiological impact of CODs. In particular, the effect of running velocity on the physiological and energy demands of CODs while running has not been clearly determined. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between running velocity and the energy cost of a 180°COD and to quantify the energy cost of a 180°COD. Nine male university students (aged 18–22 years) participated in the study. Five shuttle trials were performed in which the subjects were required to run at different velocities (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 km/h). Each trial consisted of four stages with different turn frequencies (13, 18, 24 and 30 per minute), and each stage lasted 3 minutes. Oxygen consumption was measured during the trial. The energy cost of a COD significantly increased with running velocity (except between 7 and 8 km/h, p = 0.110). The relationship between running velocity and the energy cost of a 180°COD is best represented by a quadratic function (y = −0.012+0.066x +0.008x2, [r = 0.994, p = 0.001]), but is also well represented by a linear (y = −0.228+0.152x, [r = 0.991, p<0.001]). These data suggest that even low running velocities have relatively high physiological demands if the COD frequency increases, and that running velocities affect the physiological demands of CODs. These results also showed that the energy expenditure of COD can be evaluated using only two data points. These results may be useful for estimating the energy expenditure of players during a match and designing shuttle exercise training programs.

A novel approach for measuring energy expenditure of a single sit-to-stand movement

“…The DFAM is a unique method that can measure the energy cost of an instantaneous movement performed within 1 s or over a few seconds. We have already demonstrated that the energy cost of a single change of direction during running at various velocities can be calculated using DFAM (Hatamoto et al 2013(Hatamoto et al , 2014. The present results indicate that DFAM can be applied for instantaneous movements in daily life, such as an STS movement.…”

“…Hatamoto et al examined the energy cost of a turn, which is an instantaneous movement observed frequently in ball games (Hatamoto et al 2013(Hatamoto et al , 2014. DFAM is the idea that gross EE increases linearly as movement frequency increases if the EE, which is determined for performing one movement, accumulates by conducting movements repeatedly.…”

“…We developed a novel method to calculate EE of an instantaneous movement such as a change of direction while running and named it the "Different Frequency Accumulation Method (DFAM)" (Hatamoto et al 2013(Hatamoto et al , 2014. The DFAM is a graded test in which participants perform 180° turns at different frequencies while running at a fixed average velocity; this allows estimation of the energy cost of turning by measuring the oxygen consumption and comparing it with that at a steady state.…”

Accelerated point of muscle deoxygenation during the 20‐m shuttle run test

“…During shuttle running, the time spent accelerating increases as running speed increases (Akenhead et al, 2015). Consequently, the energy cost of turning increases with increasing running speed (Hatamoto et al, 2014;Akenhead et al, 2015). The 20mSRT is an exercise protocol in which running speed and turning frequency increase as the test progresses.…”

Turns in Jogging Increase Energy Expenditure: Proposed Home Exercise for Sedentary People

“…Hatamoto et al [14] showed that turning during sports required deceleration and acceleration and thus increased one's EE. The magnitude of the increase depended on both the turn frequency and running velocity.…”