The relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in negative schizophrenia

Liu, Zhening; Tam, Wai-Cheong Carl; Xie, Yaning; Zhao, Jingping

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00924.x

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The frontal cortex has been pointed out as a structure typically altered in schizophrenia [41] and has been suggested as a possible substrate of this relationship, having been associated with both executive function deficits [42] and negative symptoms [43,44] . Thus, Liu et al [45] found that schizophrenic patients with predominantly negative symptoms exhibited a lower regional cerebral blood flow change rate in the prefrontal lobe during stimulant WCST than normal control subjects. More recently, Moreno-Iniguez et al [46] found a relationship between low frontal blood flow at rest and negative symptoms such as difficulty in abstract thinking and lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, as well as an association between affective blunting and low left-frontal blood flow during activation with the WCST.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychopathology and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in Male Schizophrenic Patients: Influence of Dual Diagnosis

Rodríguez‐Jiménez

Aragüés²,

Jiménez‐Arriero³

et al. 2007

Psychopathology

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Background: Different neuropsychological studies have shown schizophrenic patients to have executive function deficits, as illustrated by their performance in neuropsychological tasks such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST); certain studies have described a relationship between these deficits and negative symptoms. Schizophrenic patients also exhibit a high lifetime prevalence (40–50%) of comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs). However, little attention has been paid to this comorbidity (dual diagnosis) in studies associating executive functions and negative symptoms. Sampling and Methods: Our objective is to investigate the relationship between performance in the WCST and psychopathology as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in a sample of 65 male schizophrenic patients with a history of SUDs (Sch SUD+) and in a sample of 48 male schizophrenic patients without such history (Sch SUD–). Results: In the Sch SUD– group, patients who completed 4 or more categories in the WCST (‘good performers’) obtained a mean score of 21.2 ± 8.8 on the negative subscale of the PANSS, compared with a mean score of 27.8 ± 8.6 in those who completed 3 or less (‘poor performers’); these differences were statistically significant (p = 0.015). In the Sch SUD+ group, however, no association was found between WCST performance and the PANSS negative subscale score. Conclusions: The presence of a history of comorbid SUDs should be taken into consideration in studies investigating executive functions and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychopathology and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in Male Schizophrenic Patients: Influence of Dual Diagnosis

Rodríguez‐Jiménez

Aragüés²,

Jiménez‐Arriero³

et al. 2007

Psychopathology

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“…11 In participants with schizophrenia, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported reduced activation of the prefrontal cortex during WCST performance, 12,13 and hypofrontality was described as the most salient activation difference in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls in single-photon emission computed tomography studies. 14 To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use event-related fMRI to investigate activation patterns during different subcomponents of the WCST in patients with schizo phrenia and healthy controls. Rule generation and selection have been proposed as elements of executive functioning with a well-founded basis in cognitive neuroscience research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Neural correlates of set-shifting: decomposing executive functions in schizophrenia

Wilmsmeier

Ohrmann

Suslow

et al. 2010

jpn

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321Background: Although there is considerable evidence that patients with schizophrenia have impaired executive functions, the neural mechanisms underlying these deficits are unclear. Generation and selection is one of the basic mechanisms of executive functioning. We investigated the neural correlates of this mechanism by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods: We used the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in an event-related fMRI study to analyze neural activation patterns during the distinct components of the WCST in 36 patients with schizophrenia and 28 controls. We focused our analyses on the process of set-shifting. After participants received negative feedback, they had to generate and decide on a new sorting rule. Results: A widespread activation pattern encompassing the inferior and middle frontal gyrus, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), supplementary motor area, insula, caudate, thalamus and brainstem was observed in patients with schizophrenia after negative versus positive feedback, whereas in healthy controls, significant activation clusters were more confined to the cortical areas. Significantly increased activation in the rostral ACC after negative feedback and in the dorsal ACC during matching after negative feedback were observed in schizophrenia patients compared with controls. Controls showed activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 46), whereas schizophrenia patients showed activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex only. Limitations: All patients were taking neuroleptic medication, which has an impact on cognitive function as well as on dopaminergic and serotonergic prefrontal metabolism. Conclusion: Our data suggest that, in patients with schizophrenia, set-shifting is associated with increased activation in the rostral and dorsal ACC, reflecting higher emotional and cognitive demands, respectively.

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“…Replication of reduced relative frontal activity (Ingvar and Franzén, 1974), in the DLPFC during executive tasks, has been frequent in the past two decades, and has been observed in medicated, medication-free, and medication-naïve patients (Barch et al, 2001; Barch et al, 2003; Berman et al, 1992; Berman et al, 1986; Callicott et al, 1998; Camchong et al, 2006; Cannon et al, 2005; Cantor-Graae et al, 1991; Carter et al, 1998; Catafau et al, 1994; Curtis et al, 1998; Driesen et al, 2008; Fletcher et al, 1998; Glahn et al, 2005; Goldberg et al, 1990; Liu et al, 2002; Mcdowell et al, 2002; Meyer-Lindenberg et al, 2002; Meyer-Lindenberg et al, 2001; Parellada et al, 1998; Parellada et al, 1994; Perlstein et al, 2001; Perlstein et al, 2003; Ragland et al, 1998; Rubia et al, 2001; Rubin et al, 1994; Schlösser et al, 2007; Steinberg et al, 1996; Volz et al, 1997; Weinberger et al, 1986; Yurgelun-Todd et al, 1996). Furthermore, there is evidence that the DLPFC dysfunction as described in schizophrenia is not solely explained by attentional or global cognitive impairment (Berman et al, 1988), nor is it a result of neuropsychiatric illness, generally, as patients with major depression (Barch et al, 2003; Berman et al, 1993) and Huntington's (Goldberg et al, 1990) do not exhibit this finding.…”

Section: Executive Circuits Within the Frontal Lobesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive Function, Neural Circuitry, and Genetic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia

Eisenberg

Berman

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

206

147

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After decades of research aimed at elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia, it has become increasingly apparent that it is an illness knowing few boundaries. Psychopathological manifestations extend across several domains, impacting multiple facets of real-world functioning for the affected individual. Even within one such domain, arguably the most enduring, difficult to treat, and devastating to long-term functioning – executive impairment – there are not only a host of disrupted component processes, but also a complex underlying dysfunctional neural architecture. Further, just as implicated brain structures (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) via postmortem and neuroimaging techniques continue to demonstrate alterations in multiple, interacting signaling pathways, so too does evolving understanding of genetic risk factors suggest multiple molecular entry points to illness liability. With this expansive network of interactions in mind, the present chapter takes a systems-level approach to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, by identifying key regions both within and outside of the frontal lobes that show changes in schizophrenia and are important in cognitive control neural circuitry, summarizing current knowledge of their relevant functional interactions, and reviewing emerging links between schizophrenia risk genetics and characteristic executive circuit aberrancies observed with neuroimaging methods.

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The relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in negative schizophrenia

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Psychopathology and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in Male Schizophrenic Patients: Influence of Dual Diagnosis

Psychopathology and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in Male Schizophrenic Patients: Influence of Dual Diagnosis

Neural correlates of set-shifting: decomposing executive functions in schizophrenia

Executive Function, Neural Circuitry, and Genetic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia

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