The relationship between rainfall and nematode density in drinking water

Tombes, Averett S.; Abernathy, A.R.; Welch, D.M.; Lewis, S. A.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(79)90009-5

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nematode densities in drinking water from treatment plants have been positively correlated with precipitation; streamflow and suspended sediment concentrations, with nematodes mobilised from channel-beds and from hillslopes (Tombes et al, 1979;Mott et al, 1981). Similar work undertaken by Mott and Harrison (1983) reported that a substantial proportion of nematodes recorded in streams were from soil habitats, noting a strong correlation between nematode densities and periods of high precipitation, and from snowmelt water.…”

Section: Relevant Nematode Studies From Temperate Regionsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Understanding soil erosion impacts in temperate agroecosystems: bridging the gap between geomorphology and soil ecology using nematodes as a model organism

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Soil is a key asset of natural capital, providing a myriad of goods and ecosystem services that sustain life through regulating, supporting and provisioning roles, delivered by chemical, physical and biological processes. One of the greatest threats to soil is accelerated erosion, which raises a natural process to unsustainable levels, and has downstream consequences (e.g.~economic, environmental and social). Global intensification of agroecosystems is a recognised major cause of soil erosion which, in light of predicted population growth and increased demand for food security, will continue or increase. Transport and redistribution of biota by soil erosion has hitherto been ignored and thus is poorly understood. With the move to sustainable intensification this is a key knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. Here we highlight the erosion-energy and effective-erosion-depth continuum in soils, differentiating between different forms of soil erosion, and argue that nematodes are an appropriate model taxa to investigate impacts of erosion on soil biota across scales. We review the different known mechanisms of soil erosion that impact on soil biota in general, and nematodes in particular, and highlight the few detailed studies, primarily from tropical regions, that have considered soil biota. Based on the limited literature and using nematodes as a model organism we outline future research priorities to initially address the important interrelationships between soil erosion processes and soil biota.

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Section: Relevant Nematode Studies From Temperate Regionsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Understanding soil erosion impacts in temperate agroecosystems: bridging the gap between geomorphology and soil ecology using nematodes as a model organism

et al. 2013

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“…Statistically significant relationships between FIB, SPM values and certain environmental parameters (temperature, precipitation) have previously been observed in temperate environments [31][32][33][34]. For the humid tropics, the presence of E. coli and other FIB in surface waters was found to be linked to temperature, precipitation and onset date of the rainy season, land cover, and sediment resuspension [35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Environmental determinants ofE. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical area (Kapore, Burkina Faso)

Robert

Grippa

Nikiema

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 606 024 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is due to domestic and recreational use of polluted surface waters, deficits in hygiene, access to healthcare and drinking water, and to weak environmental and health monitoring infrastructures.Escherichia coli(E. coli) is an indicator for the enteric pathogens that cause many diarrheal diseases. The links betweenE. coli, diarrheal diseases and environmental parameters have not received much attention in West Africa, and few studies have assessed health risks by taking into account hazards and socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study, carried out in Burkina Faso (Bagre Reservoir), aims at filling this knowledge gap by analyzing the environmental variables that play a role in the dynamics ofE. coli, cases of diarrhea, and by identifying initial criteria of vulnerabilities. A particular focus is given to satellite-derived parameters to assess whether remote sensing can provide a useful tool to assess health hazard.Samples of surface water were routinely collected to measureE. coli,enterococci and suspended particulate matter (SPM) at a monitoring point (Kapore) during one year. In addition, satellite data were used to estimate precipitation, water level, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and SPM. Monthly epidemiological data for cases of diarrhea from three health centers were also collected and compared with microbiological and environmental data. Finally, semi-structured interviews were carried out to document the use of water resources, contacts with elements of the hydrographic network, health behaviors and conditions, and water and health policy and prevention in order to identify the initial vulnerability criteria.A positive correlation betweenE. coliand enterococci in surface waters was found indicating thatE. coliis an acceptable indicator of fecal contamination in this region.E. coliand diarrheal diseases were strongly correlated with monsoonal precipitation, in situ SPM, and Near Infra-Red (NIR) band between March and November. Partial least squares regression showed thatE. coliconcentration was strongly associated with precipitation, Sentinel-2 reflectance in the NIR and SPM, and that the cases of diarrhea were strongly associated with precipitation, NIR,E. coli, SPM, and to a lesser extent with NDVI.Moreover, the use of satellite data alone allowed to reproduce the dynamics ofE. coli, particularly from February to mid-December (R²= 0.60) and those of cases of diarrhea throughout the year (R²= 0.76). This implies that satellite data could provide an important contribution to water quality monitoring.Finally, the vulnerability of the population is found to increase during the rainy season due to reduced accessibility to healthcare and drinking water sources and increased use of water of poor quality. At this period, surface water is used because it is close to habitations, free and easy to use irrespective of monetary or political constraints. This vulnerability particularly impacts the Fulani, whose concessions are often close to surface water (river, lake) and far from health centers, a situation aggravated by marginality.Author summaryIn 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 1.57 million deaths, principally in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many diarrheal diseases are caused by the presence of enteric pathogens in surface water includingEscherichia coli (E. coli), a frequently used indicator of the presence of these pathogens. Yet, few studies have been carried out in West Africa to verify this link or to study the relationship between diarrheal diseases,E. coliand environmental parameters. These diarrheal diseases also depend on socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study addresses the dynamics ofE. colialong with another fecal indicator bacteria, enterococci, as well as diarrheal diseases (from three health centers) and socio-health vulnerability (from three villages and Fulani settlements) and their relationship with hydro-meteorological parameters derivable by satellite. The study site is located in the Bagre reservoir in Burkina Faso where Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) andE. coliwere monitored over one year. Water was generally polluted by bacteria of fecal origin throughout the year and more so during the rainy season. We observed a significant relationship betweenE. coliand enterococci.E. coliconcentrations were strongly correlated to, and predicted by, precipitation, satellite reflectance in the NIR band by Sentinel-2, and SPM measured in-situ. Diarrheal diseases were also strongly correlated with these variables as well asE. coli. Vulnerability of the population to diarrhea increases during the rainy season. The microbiological health risk is more important during the rainy season, from June to September, and especially concerns the Fulani settlements.

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“…The presence of free-living nematodes in drinking water was detected and reported early in the previous century by Tombes et al (1978Tombes et al ( , 1979. Godfrey (1923) was the first to emphasise the possibility of plant-parasitic nematodes being dispersed by irrigation water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Occurrence and Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Irrigation Water – A Review

Hugo

Malan

2016

SAJEV

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A literature study was carried out to determine what is currently known about the contamination of irrigation water with plant-parasitic nematodes, and what control measures are currently available. Contamination sources of irrigation water with plant-parasitic nematodes were investigated, including wells, boreholes, collected rainwater, ponds, lakes, dams, rivers, municipal water, runoff water, irrigation canals and drainage water in soilless culture. Only when the origin of irrigation water was a capped borehole was the risk of contamination with plant-parasitic nematodes low. The plantparasitic nematodes of economic importance to grapevine reported to be found in irrigation water were Meloidogyne spp., Xiphinema spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Trichodorus sp., Criconemoides xenoplax and Pratylenchus spp. The different sampling techniques used for the detection and monitoring of plant-parasitic nematodes and the sampling time and location are listed. The survival and infection potential reported for each species of plant-parasitic nematode found in irrigation water was noted. Serious nematode parasites of grapevines, such as Meloidogyne javanica, can survive for 16 to 32 days, M. incognita, for up to 14 days, Pratylenchus, for up to 70 days, T. semipenetrans, for up to 128 days, and X. index, for up to 13 days in irrigation water. All reported techniques used for the management of nematodes in irrigation water are listed and possible future research into the control of plant-parasitic nematodes in irrigation water is discussed. From this review, substantial evidence was obtained of the danger of introducing plant-parasitic nematodes to grapevine production sites by means of irrigation water.

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The relationship between rainfall and nematode density in drinking water

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Understanding soil erosion impacts in temperate agroecosystems: bridging the gap between geomorphology and soil ecology using nematodes as a model organism

Understanding soil erosion impacts in temperate agroecosystems: bridging the gap between geomorphology and soil ecology using nematodes as a model organism

Environmental determinants ofE. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical area (Kapore, Burkina Faso)

Occurrence and Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Irrigation Water – A Review

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