The Relationship between Plasma Taurine and Other Amino Acid Levels in Human Sepsis

Chiarla, Carlo; Giovannini, Ivo; Siegel, John H.; Boldrini, Giuseppe; Castagneto, Marco

doi:10.1093/jn/130.9.2222

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Hypocholesterolemia is also related to decreases in some plasma proteins. Direct relationships between cholesterol and albumin, total protein, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, iron binding capacity, cholinesterase, and prothrombin activity have recently been confi rmed 34,82,84,94,95 . These relationships can be explained by hemodilution acting concomitantly on cholesterol and on the other variables, by the release of mediators and cytokines of the acute phase response, and by impaired liver synthesis or insuffi ciency of substrate.…”

Section: Clinical Consequences Of Hypocholesterolemiamentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hypocholesterolemia in Clinically Serious Conditions - Review

Vyroubal¹,

Chiarla²,

Giovannini³

et al. 2008

BIOMED PAP

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Background:Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, precursor of steroids, biliary acids and other components of serious importance in live organism. Cholesterol synthesis is a complicated and energy-demanding process. Real daily need of cholesterol and mechanisms of decline cholesterol levels in critical ill are unknown. During stressful situations a signifi cant hypocholesterolaemia may be found. Hypocholesterolemia has been known for a number of years to be a signifi cant prognostic indicator of increased morbidity and mortality connected with a whole spectrum of pathological conditions. The aim of article is the elucidation of the role and importance of hypocholesterolaemia during the intensive care. . Methods and Results:We examined studies that are engaged in problems of hypocholesterolemia in critically ill. Very low levels of total as well as LDL cholesterol are most frequently found in serious polytrauma, after extensive surgery, in serious infections, in protracted hypovolemic shock. It is still not clear whether hypocholesterolemia refl ects only a serious metabolic disorder, which results from a life-threatening condition, or whether it has an active role in evolution and outcome.Conclusions: Hypocholesterolemia is commonly observed in critically ill patients. Nevertheless, it is not known whether it is a secondary manifestation of disease, or whether it actively contributes to deterioration of the disease. Although the contribution of hypocholesterolemia to mortality is modest compared with known risk factors such as increased severity of illness and the development of nosocomial infection, low serum lipid concentrations represent a potential therapeutic target in sepsis.

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Section: Clinical Consequences Of Hypocholesterolemiamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The degree of hypocholesterolemia reproduces, in a parallel manner, the seriousness of the infl ammatory response and metabolic dysregulation, abnormalities in cytokine level, gravity of illness and organ dysfunction, and it has a negative predictive value 35,61,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] .…”

Section: Clinical Consequences Of Hypocholesterolemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocholesterolemia in Clinically Serious Conditions - Review

Vyroubal¹,

Chiarla²,

Giovannini³

et al. 2008

BIOMED PAP

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“…A large series of plasma amino acid pro¢les were obtained in 250 trauma patients with sepsis who were undergoing total parenteral nutrition [11]. The results, which characterized the relationships between plasma taurine and other amino acid levels in sepsis, provide evidence that the more severe decreases in plasma taurine correlate with the worsening of metabolic and cardiorespiratory patterns.…”

Section: Taurine and Taurolidine As Adjunct Therapy For Infections Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid

Schuller‐Levis

Park

2003

FEMS Microbiology Letters

367

226

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Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid and is not incorporated into proteins. In mammalian tissues, taurine is ubiquitous and is the most abundant free amino acid in the heart, retina, skeletal muscle, brain, and leukocytes. In fact, taurine reaches up to 50 mM concentration in leukocytes. Taurine has been shown to be tissue-protective in many models of oxidant-induced injury. One possibility is that taurine reacts with hypochlorous acid, produced by the myeloperoxidase pathway, to produce the more stable but less toxic taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl). However, data from several laboratories demonstrate that Tau-Cl is a powerful regulator of inflammation. Specifically, Tau-Cl has been shown to down-regulate the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in both rodent and human leukocytes. Taurolidine, a derivative of taurine, is commonly used in Europe as an adjunctive therapy for various infections as well as for tumor therapy. Recent molecular studies on the function of taurine provide evidence that taurine is a constituent of biologic macromolecules. Specifically, two novel taurine-containing modified uridines have been found in both human and bovine mitochondria. Studies investigating the mechanism of action of Tau-Cl have shown that it inhibits the activation of NF-UB, a potent signal transducer for inflammatory cytokines, by oxidation of IUB-K at Met 45 . Key enzymes for taurine biosynthesis have recently been cloned. Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, a ratelimiting enzyme for taurine biosynthesis, has been cloned and sequenced in the mouse, rat and human. Another key enzyme for cysteine metabolism, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), has also been cloned from rat liver. CDO has a critical role in determining the flux of cysteine between cysteine catabolism/taurine synthesis and glutathione synthesis. Taurine transporter knockout mice show reduced taurine, reduced fertility, and loss of vision due to severe apoptotic retinal degeneration. Apoptosis induced by amino chloramines is a current and important finding since oxidants derived from leukocytes play a key role in killing pathogens. The fundamental importance of taurine in adaptive and acquired immunity will be unveiled using genetic manipulation.

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“…Levels of these amino acids increased simultaneously with increasing doses of leucine, isoleucine and valine in total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Decreasing taurine was associated with increasing lactate, arteriovenous O 2 concentration difference and respiratory index, and with decreasing cholesterol and cardiac index 25 . Taurine plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, and although it is one of the few amino acids not incorporated into proteins, taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body.…”

Section: Author Effect Of Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 84%

The importance and dosage of amino acids in nutritional support of various pathological conditions in ICU patients

Aimova¹,

Hronek²,

Zadák³

2014

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Background. Normal adults require twenty L-amino acids (AA) for protein synthesis. Functional AA regulate key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction and immunity. Dietary supplementation with one or a mixture of these AA may be beneficial for ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle and for optimizing of the efficiency of metabolic transformations. During disease, other amino acids also become essential. The principal goal of protein/amino acid administration in various pathological conditions in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is to provide the precursors of protein synthesis in tissues with high turnover and to protect skeletal muscle mass and function. Amino acid requirements in parenteral nutrition (PN) are higher when the patient is stressed/ traumatized/infected than in the unstressed state. In severely ill ICU patients a higher provision of protein and amino acids has been associated with a lower mortality. Methods and Results. An overview of the effects and dosage of amino acids in nutritional support of various pathological conditions in ICU patients is presented. Conclusion. It was demonstrated that 2.0-2.5 g protein substrate/kg normal body weight/day is safe and could be optimal for the most critically ill adults to decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality in some pathological conditions.

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The Relationship between Plasma Taurine and Other Amino Acid Levels in Human Sepsis

Cited by 39 publications

References 49 publications

Hypocholesterolemia in Clinically Serious Conditions - Review

Hypocholesterolemia in Clinically Serious Conditions - Review

Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid

The importance and dosage of amino acids in nutritional support of various pathological conditions in ICU patients

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