“…Research in this area has shown not only that paternal incarceration is a risk factor for poor health and well-being among U.S. infants (Wildeman 2012), children (Geller et al 2012;Haskins 2014;Turney 2014;Wildeman 2011, 2013;Wildeman 2010), and adolescents (Foster and Hagan 2007;Lee, Fang and Luo 2013;Roettger and Boardman 2012;), but also that maternal incarceration is a risk factor for poor child health and well-being across the life-course (Lee, Fang, and Luo 2013;Cho 2009;Hagan and Foster 2012;Huebner and Gustafson 2007;Turney and Wildeman 2015;Wildeman and Turney 2014). Similar associations exist in a host of developed democracies, including England (e.g., Murray and Farrington 2005), Norway (e.g., Murray, Janson and Farrington 2007), the Netherlands (e.g., Besemer et al 2011), and Denmark (e.g., . Unfortunately, because no research has estimated the cumulative risk of paternal or maternal incarceration in any country other than the U.S., it remains unclear how much more likely U.S. children are to be exposed to parental incarceration than children living in other countries.…”