The Relationship Between Leisure Time Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Americans: NHANES 2011-2014

Abstract

Objective This study aims to investigate the correlation between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and cognitive function in older adults. Methods We conducted an analysis of 2,662 participants (aged ≥ 60 years) from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011–2014. Physical activity was assessed using self-reported questionnaires, while cognitive function was evaluated through three measurement modalities and self-reported assessments of cognitive difficulties. Multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to explore the associations between the duration and frequency of leisure-time physical activity and cognitive function. Results Neither the duration nor frequency of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) showed statistically significant associations with CERAD-WL and CERAD-DR. However, significant correlations were observed between LTPA duration and frequency with AF and DSST scores. Individuals adhering to recommended physical activity guidelines demonstrated higher AF scores [1.38 (0.93 to 1.83)] and DSST scores [3.32 (2.12 to 4.52)] compared to those with no leisure-time physical activity. Participants engaging in physical activity 1–4 times and 5 or more times per week showed increased AF scores [0.89 (0.43 to 1.36)] and [1.40 (0.91 to 1.90)], as well as DSST scores [2.61 (1.36 to 3.86)] and [3.50 (2.17 to 4.83)], respectively, compared to non-active individuals. Engaging in leisure-time physical activity 1–4 times per week was associated with a 33% reduced risk of memory decline compared to non-active individuals (odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48–0.92). An inverted U-shaped relationship was observed between LTPA duration and AF and a U-shaped relationship between LTPA frequency and the risk of memory decline. Conclusion Compliance with recommended leisure-time physical activity is associated with better cognitive function in older adults, although greater duration does not necessarily equate to greater benefits. For older adults, the frequency of leisure-time physical activity appears more critical than duration, with the most beneficial cognitive effects observed at 3–4 times per week. Therefore, clinical interventions utilizing physical activity should prioritize considerations of exercise frequency.