The relationship between isolated pes equinovarus and aneuploidies and perinatal outcomes: Results of a tertiary center

Prenatal Diagnosis of Clubfoot: Where Are We Now? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The 23 selected studies included a total of 2318 patients who were prenatally diagnosed with clubfoot by US and/or MRI, some included karyotyping through amniocentesis and/or CVS. 11 of the studies included information about whether or not the diagnosis was confirmed after birth (accuracy) [ 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 27 ], the rest of the studies were used to obtain information about the main methodology used for prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot, but did not provide any detail about its accuracy; therefore, this item was not assessed. The minimum age was the first trimester of pregnancy (the week was not specified) [ 8 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 26 ] while the maximum reported age was 28 weeks of pregnancy [ 20 ].…”

“…The final studies selected by the reviewers included the following levels of evidence: 19 level III retrospective studies [ 1 , 2 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], 3 level II prospective comparative studies [ 8 , 11 , 20 ], 1 descriptive study of level III [ 19 ] ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Six of the studies identified reported associated pathologies [ 9 , 14 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 27 ]. The following were mentioned in at least 1 of the studies included; Trisomies: 13, 18, 21, Neural Tube Defect, Skeletal Dysplasia, Cardiac anomalies, Sex Chromosome Abnormalities, Submicroscopic CNVs, Developmental Delay, Symptomatic Epilepsy, Thin corpus callosum, Visual inattentiveness, Peroneal Nerve Palsy, Low weight gain, Mild facial asymmetry, Delayed bone age, Cleft Palate, Finger Camptodactyly, Unusual facies, Cerebral Palsy, Rett Syndrome, Hypotonia, Coarse facial features, Torticollis, Hydramnios, Spina Bifida ( Table 2 ).…”

“…A total of 13 of the studies specified the timing at which the diagnosis was made [ 7 , 8 , 13 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Of the 13 studies that specified timing of diagnosis, 5 included diagnosis during trimester 1 [ 8 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 26 ], and this was the minimum age of diagnosis reported.…”

“…A total of 13 of the studies specified the timing at which the diagnosis was made [ 7 , 8 , 13 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Of the 13 studies that specified timing of diagnosis, 5 included diagnosis during trimester 1 [ 8 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 26 ], and this was the minimum age of diagnosis reported. Five studies stated that diagnosis occurred during trimester two or three [ 13 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”