We study to what extent the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath have changed the impact of inflation on inflation uncertainty in the 12 original member states of the European Monetary Union (EMU). We adopt a time-varying coefficient regression model with stochastic volatility effects, and extract two measures of inflation uncertainty from our data, namely, (1) The conditional volatility of inflation, (2) The conditional volatility of steady-state inflation.(1)-(2) represent short-run and steady-state inflation uncertainty, respectively. The time-varying impact of inflation on inflation uncertainty is analyzed using Markov-switching regressions, where switching between the low and high inflation uncertainty regime is determined via an unobserved Markov process. Results suggest that the 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath have changed the impact of inflation on (1) and (2) across the selected EMU member states. However, a uniform pattern cannot be detected. For some member states, we document a strong link, whereas for others, the impact of inflation on inflation uncertainty is relatively weaker.
246fiscal authorities. In such instances, large budget deficits in individual member states can put pressure on the central bank in charge of monetary policy for the entire monetary union to inflate. As argued in Davig et al. (2011), this can ultimately increase inflation and inflation uncertainty as it becomes unclear to what degree the central bank can resist pressures to inflate, or reverse already implemented inflationary policy. The latter event represents a major economic shock that evidently creates uncertainty regarding future inflation rates. It also creates additional uncertainty (within the monetary union) with regard to responses and implications of policies conducted by the central bank currently in charge of monetary policy for the entire union in times of economic turmoil.Accordingly, understanding the impact of inflation on inflation uncertainty, and its implications on economic activity is of great interest to European policy makers for a number of reasons: First, any evidence that inflation causes inflation uncertainty with possible adverse output effect undoubtedly strengthens the price stability objective of the European Central Bank (ECB). 1
Second, according to Fountas et al. (2004), under (1) A common monetary policy, where the aim is to achieve a uniform inflation rate across the member states, and (2) The assumption that the interaction between inflation and output takes place through the inflation uncertainty channel, any heterogeneity (in the sense that the impact of inflation on inflation uncertainty, and the effect of inflation uncertainty on growth differs across individual member states) can result in asymmetric real effects (given the single nominal interest rate). In other words, inflationreduction (e.g., due to contractionary monetary policy) can increase aggregate output in some member states, but reduce output in others. As argued in Fountas et al. (2004), policy makers are...