The Relationship Between Indoxyl Sulfate Levels and Functional Ability of End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Regular Haemodialysis Using the Karnofsky Scale Measuring Instrument at Haji Adam Malik Central General Hospital Medan

Abstract

Background: ESRD is a burdensome disease with high prevalence, mortality, and treatment costs. Indoxyl sulfate is one of the most studied solutes accumulating in plasma when the kidneys fail. Clinical studies have shown that indoxyl sulfate can predict the prognosis of CKD and CVD in CKD patients. Serum levels of IS are associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. The general objective of this study was to determine the relationship between indoxyl sulfate levels and the functional ability of CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis using the Karnofsky scale measuring instrument at the Haji Adam Malik Central General Hospital Medan. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. Data collection involved recording indoxyl sulfate levels in kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis at Haji Adam Malik Hospital. Results: Of all 56 study samples, the mean age was 49.35 years, with a standard deviation of 12.3 years. Most patients were male, from the Batak ethnicity, with hypertension as the etiology. The mean indoxyl sulfate level was 47.32 µg/mL with a 29.19 µg/mL standard deviation. Most patients presented with functional ability calculated by Karnofsky score in category A. The analysis results with the Spearman test showed a moderate negative correlation between indoxyl sulfate levels and the functional ability of patients. Conclusion: Indoxyl sulfate levels can be an objective parameter to predict a patient's functional ability. Keywords: Indoxyl Sulfate, Haemodialysis, End Stage Renal Disease, Functional Ability