The Relationship Between Humoral and Cell‐Mediated Immunity

Vaccines for the Future?

“…Substitution of a protein can have major effects on both its immunogenicity and the class of immune response evoked. Parish (1972) showed that acetoacetylation converted flagellin from an antigen which induced antibody formation to a product which exclusively provoked DTH responses. In a series of papers.…”

Mathematical Modelling of Venom Immunotherapy

“…Reviewing the literature on the controversial subject of the dose dependency of T-helper differentiation, it is noticeable that experiments leading to the conclusion high doses favour Th2 and low doses favour Th1 responses dealt, with proliferating antigen (Parish and Liew, 1972;Bancroft et al, 1994;Bretscher et al, 1992) whereas experiments yielding the opposite result dealt with nonproliferating antigen or peptide (Ruedl et al, 2000;Secrist et al, 1995;Grakoui et al, 1999), as used for VIT.…”

“…Since the maximum suppression should be of the order of 1/10 and as T-cell concentrations reach in response to an allergen dose of D p ¼ 1 values of , 50, m 1 and m 2 should be in the range of 0.1-1. When the model first was developed, there have been experimental indications that high doses of allergen would select for Th2 cells whereas low doses would favour a Th1 response (Parish and Liew, 1972;Bancroft et al, 1994;Bretscher et al, 1992), which was implemented in the model by setting the parameter f , 1 and m 1 , m 2 : The first encounter with a high dose of antigen (first insect sting) would thus result in a Th2 response. The switch from Th2 to Th1 is then attained by the small increasing doses initiating the therapy for conventional protocols (Behn et al, 2001).…”

“…Factors influencing the differentiation of CD4 þ T cells comprise the affinity of the allergen peptide to the MHC (Chaturvedi et al, 1996;Murray, 1998), the dose of the allergen (Kumar et al, 1995;Parish and Liew, 1972;Ruedl et al, 2000), the type of antigen presenting cell (APC) (Kapsenberg et al, 1998), selective use of costimulatory molecules, or the cytokine microenvironment during stimulation (Romagnani, 1993;Seder et al, 1993;Swain et al, 1990). In addition to the expression of distinct cytokines, the molecular basis for commitment to a Th1 or Th2 phenotype can probably explained by multiple mechanisms including differential cytokine signalling, exclusive cytokine receptor expression, differential expression of transcription factors or differential chromatin remodelling of Th1-and Th2-specific genes (Agarwal and Rao, 1998;Murphy et al, 1999;Rincon and Flavell, 1997;Takemoto et al, 2000).…”

The debate over the effector function of eosinophils in helminth infection: new evidence from studies on the regulation of vaccine immunity by IL-12

“…Cellular immune responses are often associated with low Ab production (Parish 1972). Thus, IL-12 administration might be expected to reduce this arm of the immune response.…”