The relationship between guarding, pain, and emotion

Abstract

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.

Automatic Recognition of Multiple Affective States in Virtual Rehabilitation by Exploiting the Dependency Relationships

“…In the health field, chronic pain patients exhibit protective behaviour during exercise in response to their anxiety, fear towards, and low confidence in such movements [16]. In addition, the work reported in [6] shows how the relationship between pain and protective behaviour is mediated by anxiety.…”

“…For example, a piece of music can elicit mixed emotions of relaxed-calmsad, but it is improbable that it elicits the emotions of surprise and quietness, or relaxed and angry at the same time [5]. In the context of chronic pain rehabilitation, patients co-experience anxiety, and fear often expressed in the form of protective behaviour [6].…”

Movement, posture and low back pain. How do they relate? A replicated single‐case design in 12 people with persistent, disabling low back pain

“…Psychological factors (such as pain catastrophising, fear and pain self-efficacy) have been shown to relate more to improved pain or activity limitation than physical parameters such as movement or abdominal muscle function (Mannion, Caporaso, Pulkovski, & Sprott, 2012;Mannion et al, 2001;Nordstoga, Meisingset, Vasseljen, Nilsen, & Unsgaard-Tondel, 2019). Psychological factors have also been shown to influence the embodiment of cautious and protective movement behaviours (Matheve et al, 2019;Olugbade, Bianchi-Berthouze, & Williams, 2019;Osumi et al, 2019) and mediate improvement (Lee et al, 2017;Liew et al, 2020;Mansell, Kamper, & Kent, 2013;Smeets, Vlaeyen, Kester, & Knottnerus, 2006). It may be that threat reduction, following the safe completion of previously painful, feared, or avoided activities perceived as dangerous or damaging, led to clinical improvement, irrespective of whether this was related to changes in movement or posture (Mannion et al, 2012;Steiger et al, 2012).…”

A Review of the Theoretical Fascial Models: Biotensegrity, Fascintegrity, and Myofascial Chains

“…The second theoretical model called fascintegrity not only includes the tissues integrated into biotensegrity but adds fluids, making the fascial continuum more mirroring than what are the modern scientific dictates on cellular and systemic behaviour [18]. What is missing from this model is the contextualization of the emotional sphere and the sphere of pain, as these aspects can influence the human body and the fascial system [21]. Myers elegantly stressed that we need further studies to find a more suitable model for the living, with further research efforts, and that these representations of the fascial continuum (biotensegrity and fascintegrity) are still only models (Figure 3) [20].…”