“… Mmako et al 43 19 studies including 12 qualitative studies, 4 quantitative studies, and 3 mixed-methods studies Attending to plants and animals, nature inspired crafts, exercise and social interaction, and walking outdoors Engaging in meaningful activities, empowerment, positive risk taking and reinforcing identity Greenspace may enable an active and meaningful community-life, despite cognitive decline. Putra et al 42 15 studies including 6 cross-sectional studies, 6 experiments, and 3 longitudinal studies NDVI, percentage of greenspace, residential proximity to greenspace, land cover map, and Google Street View, among others Prosocial behavior Exposure to greenspace may potentially increase prosocial behavior among children and adolescents but the volume and quality of evidence was not yet sufficient to draw conclusions on causality. Rojas-Rueda et al 37 9 studies all of which were cohort studies NDVI All-cause mortality Increased residential greenness was associated with decreases in all-cause mortality.…”
Multiple systematic reviews on greenspace and health outcomes exist, but the overall evidence base remains unclear. Therefore, we performed an umbrella review to collect and appraise all relevant systematic reviews of epidemiological studies on greenness exposure and health. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 28, 2021, and screened references of relevant articles. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses of epidemiological studies that examined the associations of greenness with any health outcome were included. Two independent investigators performed study selection and data extraction. We also evaluated the methodological quality of the included systematic reviews using the “Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2” checklist. A total of 40 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, of which most were cross-sectional studies conducted in high-income countries. Greenspace exposure was estimated with various objective and subjective parameters. Beneficial associations of greenspace with all-cause and stroke-specific mortality, CVD morbidity, cardiometabolic factors, mental health, low birth weight, physical activity, sleep quality, and urban crime were observed. No consistent associations between greenspace and other health outcomes (e.g., cancers) were observed. Most of the included systematic reviews and meta-analyses had one or more limitations in methodology. Our findings provide supportive evidence regarding the beneficial effects of greenspace exposure on some aspects of human health. However, the credibility of such evidence was compromised by methodological limitations. Better performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as longitudinal designed primary studies are needed to validate this conclusion.
“… Mmako et al 43 19 studies including 12 qualitative studies, 4 quantitative studies, and 3 mixed-methods studies Attending to plants and animals, nature inspired crafts, exercise and social interaction, and walking outdoors Engaging in meaningful activities, empowerment, positive risk taking and reinforcing identity Greenspace may enable an active and meaningful community-life, despite cognitive decline. Putra et al 42 15 studies including 6 cross-sectional studies, 6 experiments, and 3 longitudinal studies NDVI, percentage of greenspace, residential proximity to greenspace, land cover map, and Google Street View, among others Prosocial behavior Exposure to greenspace may potentially increase prosocial behavior among children and adolescents but the volume and quality of evidence was not yet sufficient to draw conclusions on causality. Rojas-Rueda et al 37 9 studies all of which were cohort studies NDVI All-cause mortality Increased residential greenness was associated with decreases in all-cause mortality.…”
Multiple systematic reviews on greenspace and health outcomes exist, but the overall evidence base remains unclear. Therefore, we performed an umbrella review to collect and appraise all relevant systematic reviews of epidemiological studies on greenness exposure and health. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 28, 2021, and screened references of relevant articles. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses of epidemiological studies that examined the associations of greenness with any health outcome were included. Two independent investigators performed study selection and data extraction. We also evaluated the methodological quality of the included systematic reviews using the “Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2” checklist. A total of 40 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, of which most were cross-sectional studies conducted in high-income countries. Greenspace exposure was estimated with various objective and subjective parameters. Beneficial associations of greenspace with all-cause and stroke-specific mortality, CVD morbidity, cardiometabolic factors, mental health, low birth weight, physical activity, sleep quality, and urban crime were observed. No consistent associations between greenspace and other health outcomes (e.g., cancers) were observed. Most of the included systematic reviews and meta-analyses had one or more limitations in methodology. Our findings provide supportive evidence regarding the beneficial effects of greenspace exposure on some aspects of human health. However, the credibility of such evidence was compromised by methodological limitations. Better performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as longitudinal designed primary studies are needed to validate this conclusion.
“…Studies worldwide examine the psychological and physiological effects of contact with nature in the form of gardens, parks, green spaces, and forests on the human organism (Brown et al, 2013;Haluza et al, 2014;Dadvand et al, 2016;Shanahan et al, 2016;Cox et al, 2017). There is evidence for a positive relationship between access to green or natural environments and people's social behavior (Taylor et al, 2001;Maas et al, 2009;Faber Taylor and Kuo, 2011;Rash et al, 2011;Putra et al, 2020). School gardens are also places of encounter with each other (Dyment and Bell, 2008;Malberg Dyg and Wistoft, 2018) in nature.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Social skills learning concerns communication and cooperation, the ability to relate to others, and teamwork. The development of prosocial behavior through staying in nature is well-documented for children and adults (Carney et al, 2012;Carrus et al, 2017;Putra et al, 2020). These studies refer to the effect of staying in public urban spaces or in the school environment on adults and childrenespecially in primary schools.…”
School gardens are part of many schools. Especially in primary schools, but also in secondary schools, they are used as a learning space and experience space for the pupils. Their importance for the development of cognitive and emotional-affective abilities of pupils is empirically well proven. It is also empirically well proven that exposure to nature has an influence on the prosocial behavior of children and adults. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effect of the stay in the school garden on the social behavior of pupils in secondary class. To investigate whether a school garden is a good environment for social learning, a self-report study and standardized observations with sixth-grade pupils were carried out. Thus, the socially competent behavior of the pupils (communication and cooperation) and their emotions could be analyzed. In order to provide emotional access to the scientific content of biology lessons and to strengthen social learning, each pupil was responsible for their own plant and the group bed over a period of 10 weeks. The design of the lessons followed the principles of basic needs—competence, autonomy, and relatedness—of the Self Determination Theory. The observations were made during a 90-min class, in the school garden as well in the classroom. The 31 girls and 22 boys, aged 11–12 years, changed weekly between the garden and the classroom. Over 150 observations were made in the school garden (82) and in the classroom (68). In summary, pupils showed more socially competent behavior in school garden lessons than in classroom lessons. The school garden lessons, designed according to the basic needs, seem to create favorable incentives for social learning. Due to frequent social interactions, it can be assumed that learning activities in school gardens can promote emotional and social competence.
“…Their findings suggest that contact with outdoor green spaces positively influenced children's social behavior. A recent systematic review also illustrates that exposure to green space may potentially increase prosocial behavior among children and adolescents, with some contingencies, e.g., child's sex and ethnic background (Putra et al, 2020). However, it is highlighted that the volume and quality of this evidence is not yet enough to draw conclusions on causality.…”
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