The relationship between environmental temperature, cell growth and the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids in Bacillus stearothermophilus

McElhaney, Ronald N.; Souza, K. A.

doi:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90455-7

Cited by 91 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…3). Furthermore, these changes in fatty acid saturation are of a much lower magnitude than those known to cause lipid changes in bacterial membranes (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Lipid Crystallization in Senescent Membranes from Cotyledons

McKersie

Thompson²

1977

Plant Physiol.

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Lipid transition temperatures for rough and smooth microsomal membranes isolated from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledon tissue at various stages of germination were determined by wide angle x-ray diffraction. The transition temperatures were established by recording diffraction patterns through a temperature series until a sharp x-ray reflection centered at a Bragg spacing of 4.15 A and denoting the presence of crystalline lipid was discernible. For rough and smooth microsomes from 2-day-old tissue, the transitions occurred at 0 C and 3 C, respectively, indicating that at this early stage in the germination sequence the membrane lipid is entirely liquid-crystalline at physiological temperture. By the 4th day of germination, the transition temperatures had increased to 32 C for smooth microsomes and 35 C for rough microsomes, indicating that at 29 C, which was the growth temperature, portions of the membrane lipid were crystalline. During the later stages of germination, the transition temperature for smooth microsomes continued to rise through 44 C at day 7 to 56 C at day 9, by which time the cotyledons were extensively senescent and beginning to abscise. There was also a dramatic increase in the proportion of membrane lipid in the crystalline phase at 29 C. By contrast, the rough microsomes showed little change in transition temperature and only a dight increase in the proportion of crystalline lipid during this late period in germination. The data indicate that substantial amounts of the lipid is senescing membranes are crystalline even at physiological temperature. Moreover, there is a temporal correlation between the appearance of this crystality and loss of membrane function, suggesting that the two may be causally related.The onset of senescence in cotyledons of germinating Phaseolus vulgaris is marked by a general metabolic decline which includes deterioration of membrane function. Plasma membranes, for example, exhibit decreased cation-sensitive ATPase and cholinesterase activities as well as a reduced capability for ATP-dependent cation transport (12,14). This loss of function correlates temporally with age-dependent alterations in the protein complement of the membrane (15). The enzymic activities of microsomal membranes also decline as senescence intensifies, and the levels of microsomal phospholipid phosphate decrease indicating that there is a structural disassembly of these membranes (18).There is increasing evidence that the physical state of membrane lipid is an important factor in determining such key membrane functions as enzyme activity and permeability. By means of Arrhenius plots it has been demonstrated for certain membrane-bound enzymes that temperature-induced changes in activation energy correlate with phase transitions in the membrane lipid (5, 6, 9, 25). In addition, the permeability of lipid vesicles and natural membranes can be altered by factors known to influence membrane fluidity (4,24,31 The rough microsomes were further purified by centrifugation through 1.8 M sucrose ...

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“…3). Furthermore, these changes in fatty acid saturation are of a much lower magnitude than those known to cause lipid changes in bacterial membranes (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Lipid Crystallization in Senescent Membranes from Cotyledons

McKersie

Thompson²

1977

Plant Physiol.

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“…This was expected since the column chromatographic and electrophoretic data indicated that the LPS at the highest temperature was essentially rough. When (29), and psychropilic Vibrio species (3). Psychrotrophic pseudomonads, on the other hand, possess a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at all growth temperatures and show little effect of temperature on membrane lipid composition (4).…”

Section: Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, variable amounts of other fatty acids have been observed, including 17-and 19-cyclopropane acids and tetradecanoate (14,32,33). While the effects of temperature on the fatty acid profiles of a number of microorganisms, including psychrophilic Pseudomonas species, have been studied in detail (3,4,12,13,20,21,26,29,31,35), only one study has been done on thermal adaptation of P. aeruginosa. The experiments of Gill and Suisted (13) with P. aeruginosa grown in a chemostat under conditions of nitrogen limitation showed that the extractable lipids of these cells possessed an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids when cultivated at suboptimal temperatures.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of growth temperature on the lipids, outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

Kropinski¹,

Lewis²,

Berry³

1987

J Bacteriol

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Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 at 15 to 45°C in tryptic soy broth resulted in changes in the lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and outer membrane proteins of the cells. Cells grown at 15TC contained, relative to those cultivated at 45°C, increased levels of the phospholipid fatty acids hexadecenoate and octadecenoate and reduced levels of the corresponding saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the lipid A fatty acids also showed thermoadaptation with decreases in dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acids and increases in the level of 3-hydroxydecanoate and 2-hydroxdodecanoate as the growth temperature decreased. In addition, LPS extracted from cells cultivated at the lower temperatures contained a higher content of long-chain S-form molecules than that isolated from cells grown at higher temperatures. On the other hand, the percentage of LPS cores substituted with side-chain material decreased from 37.6 mol% at 45°C to 19.3 mol% at 15°C. The outer membrane protein profiles indicated that at low growth temperatures there was an increase in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 and decreases in the content of 21,000 (protein Hl)-and 27,500-molecular-weight proteins.Since Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ubiquitous in nature and is a demonstrated pathogen for plants and insects as well as mamnmals we are interested in the changes that temperature may have on the cellular chemistry, particularly as it affects membrane lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and outer membrane proteins. P. aeruginosa strains contain both ester-and amidebonded fatty acids. 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid (3-OH C12:0) is found amide linked to C-2 of glucosamine residues in the lipid A component of LPS (9, 10). The lipid A also contains ester-bound 3-hydroxydecanoate (3-OH C10:0), dodecanoate (C12:0), 2-hydroxydodecanoate (2-OH C12:0), and a small amount of hexadecanoate (C16:0 141]). The chloroformmethanol-extractable cellular lipids (neutral and phospholipids) contain predominantly hexadecanoic (C16:0), hexadecenoic (C16:1), octadecanoic (C18:0), and octadecenoic (C18i1) acids (14,32,33). In addition, variable amounts of other fatty acids have been observed, including 17-and 19-cyclopropane acids and tetradecanoate (14, 32, 33). While the effects of temperature on the fatty acid profiles of a number of microorganisms, including psychrophilic Pseudomonas species, have been studied in detail (3,4,12,13, 20,21,26,29,31,35), only one study has been done on thermal adaptation of P. aeruginosa. The experiments of Gill and Suisted (13) with P. aeruginosa grown in a chemostat under conditions of nitrogen limitation showed that the extractable lipids of these cells possessed an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids when cultivated at suboptimal temperatures.Studies on the effect of growth temperature on LPS chemistry have been largely restricted to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Modifications to the composition of the lipid A component of LPS isolated from Salmonella species (43) We have demonstrated, on the basis of incr...

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“…One main mechanism for survival involves alteration of either the fatty acid or phospholipid composition of the organism's membrane (1,10,14,27,28). For example, increases in the proportion of monounsaturated membrane fatty acids have been linked to cold shock survival by Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (1,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

The fabM Gene Product of Streptococcus mutans Is Responsible for the Synthesis of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Is Necessary for Survival at Low pH

2004

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. Using the published S. pneumoniae sequence, a putative FabM was identified in the S. mutans strain UA159. We generated a fabM strain that does not produce unsaturated fatty acids as determined by gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. The mutant strain was extremely sensitive to low pH in comparison to the wild type; however, the acid-sensitive phenotype was relieved by growth in the presence of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids or through genetic complementation. The strain exhibited reduced glycolytic capability and altered glucose-PTS activity. In addition, the altered membrane composition was more impermeable to protons and did not maintain a normal ⌬pH. The results suggest that altered membrane composition can significantly affect the acid survival capabilities, as well as several enzymatic activities, of S. mutans.

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The relationship between environmental temperature, cell growth and the fluidity and physical state of the membrane lipids in Bacillus stearothermophilus

Cited by 91 publications

References 27 publications

Lipid Crystallization in Senescent Membranes from Cotyledons

Lipid Crystallization in Senescent Membranes from Cotyledons

Effect of growth temperature on the lipids, outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

The fabM Gene Product of Streptococcus mutans Is Responsible for the Synthesis of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Is Necessary for Survival at Low pH

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