The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Behaviour of Stomata in the Rice Plant : 1. On the measurement of the stomatal aperture

Ishihara, Kuni; Nishihara, T.; Ogura, Tadaharu

doi:10.1626/jcs.40.491

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Ishihara et al . () observed a variation in stomatal aperture that varies between 0.5 and 1.2 μ m. Here, it is assumed that partial closure of the stomata reduces the aperture to a small central area between the guard cells, rather than a reduced slit width over the length, which could cause numerical errors in the model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The length of the stomatal opening was identified on micrographs and the width of the open stomata was assumed to be 1.1 μ m (Ishihara et al . ), resulting in 0.37% of the leaf surface area when all stomata are fully opened. Fractional closure of the stomata was assumed to result in reduction of the opening; whereas at 5% opening, a small aperture in the middle of each stoma is left open, equal to a total open area of the leaf surface of less than 0.02% (Table ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting porosity of the model lamina, taking into account the cavity and a mesophyll porosity of 2%, was 5%; this value corresponds to the range of observations (Table 1), but whole leaves with mid-rib have a higher total porosity (Colmer & Pedersen 2008a). The length of the stomatal opening was identified on micrographs and the width of the open stomata was assumed to be 1.1 μm (Ishihara et al 1971), resulting in 0.37% of the leaf surface area when all stomata are fully opened. Fractional closure of the stomata was assumed to result in reduction of the opening; whereas at 5% opening, a small aperture in the middle of each stoma is left open, equal to a total open area of the leaf surface of less than 0.02% (Table 1).…”

Section: Simulation Model Of Leaf Gas Exchange Under Water (O2 Entry mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice

Verboven

Pedersen

et al. 2014

Plant Cell & Environment

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Some terrestrial wetland plants, such as rice, have super-hydrophobic leaf surfaces which retain a gas film when submerged. O2 movement through the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) of floodwater, gas film and stomata into leaf mesophyll was explored by means of a reaction-diffusion model that was solved in a three-dimensional leaf anatomy model. The anatomy and dark respiration of leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were measured and used to compute O2 fluxes and partial pressure of O2 (pO2 ) in the DBL, gas film and leaf when submerged. The effects of floodwater pO2 , DBL thickness, cuticle permeability, presence of gas film and stomatal opening were explored. Under O2 -limiting conditions of the bulk water (pO2 < 10 kPa), the gas film significantly increases the O2 flux into submerged leaves regardless of whether stomata are fully or partly open. With a gas film, tissue pO2 substantially increases, even for the slightest stomatal opening, but not when stomata are completely closed. The effect of gas films increases with decreasing cuticle permeability. O2 flux and tissue pO2 decrease with increasing DBL thickness. The present modelling analysis provides a mechanistic understanding of how leaf gas films facilitate O2 entry into submerged plants.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Model Of Leaf Gas Exchange Under Water (O2 Entry mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice

Verboven

Pedersen

et al. 2014

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…While evidence of a coupling mechanism between stomatal and mesophyll behavior is lacking, much evidence exists on the inhomogeneous and frequently patchy distribution of stomatal aperture on the leaf surface of many plant species (Molisch 1912;Neger 1912Neger , 1918Ishihara et al 1971;Cruiziat et al 1979;Laisk et al 1980;Spence 1987;Downton et al 1988a, b;Robinson et al 1988;Terashima et al 1988;Ward and Drake 1988;Daley et al 1989;Loreto and Sharkey 1990;Mansfield et al 1990;Patzke 1990) and particularly within stressed leaves (Farquhar et al 1987;Long et al 1989;Sharkey and Seemann 1989). Although nonuniform stomatal closure cannot in general explain the midday depression in A, CE and E with constant Ci, a situation involving pneumatically isolated patches which consist of homogeneously wide-open or closed stomata would be consistent with these observations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stomatal patchiness in Mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls

Beyschlag

Pfanz

Ryel

1992

Planta

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Midday depression of net photosynthesis and transpiration in the Mediterranean sclerophylls Arbutus unedo L. and Quercus suber L. occurs with a depression of mesophyll photosynthetic activity as indicated by calculated carboxylation efficiency (CE) and constant diurnal calculated leaf intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (Ci). This work examines the hypothesis that this midday depression can be explained by the distribution of patches of either wide-open or closed stomata on the leaf surface, independent of a coupling mechanism between stomata and mesophyll that results in a midday depression of photosynthetic activity of the mesophyll. Pressure infiltration of four liquids differing in their surface tension was used as a method to show the occurrence of stomatal patchiness and to determine the status of stomatal aperture within the patches. Liquids were selected such that the threshold leaf conductance necessary for infiltration through the stomatal pores covered the expected diurnal range of calculated leaf conductance (g) for these species. Infiltration experiments were carried out with leaves of potted plants under simulated Mediterranean summer conditions in a growth chamber. For all four liquids, leaves of both species were found to be fully infiltratable in the morning and in the late afternoon while during the periods leading up to and away from midday the leaves showed a pronounced patchy distribution of infiltratable and non-infiltratable areas. Similar linear relationships between the amount of liquid infiltrated and g (measured by porometry prior to detachment and infiltration) for all liquids clearly revealed the existence of pneumatically isolated patches containing only wide-open or closed stomata. The good correspondence between the midday depression of CE, calculated under the assumption of no stomatal patchiness, and the diurnal changes in non-infiltratable leaf area strongly indicates that the apparent reduction in mesophyll activity results from assuming no stomatal patchiness. It is suggested that simultaneous responses of stomata and mesophyll activity reported for other species may also be attributed to the occurrence of stomatal patchiness. In Quercus coccifera L., where the lack of constant diurnal calculated Ci and major depression of measured CE at noontime indicates different stomatal behavior, non-linear and dissimilar relationships between g and the infiltratable quantities of the four liquids were found. This indicates a wide distribution of stomatal aperture on the leaf surface rather than only wide-open or closed stomata.

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“…Solar radiation and air temperature also affect leaf water status (15,18). Seed yield and short term photosynthetic rates are reduced when soybean leaf water potentials fall below -11 bars (2, 3), a water potential often observed on warm bright afternoons even under conditions of adequate soil moisture (3,17,23 (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Soybean Adaptation to Water Stress at Selected Stages of Growth

Huck

Ishihara²,

Peterson³

et al. 1983

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACISoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Braxton) plants were grown in sandy soil with only natural rainfall (N) or with supplemental irrigation (I). Water-stressed plants grew more extensive root systems, whereas irrigated plants developed larger shoots and smaller root systems. Maximum stomatal apertures were observed at the beginning of each photoperiod. Partial stomatal closure occurred each afternoon, but stomata of I plants remained open longer than those of N plants. Significant reductions in net carbon fixation rate generally accompanied decreases in stomatal aperture, which coincided with periods of high temperature, low relative humidity, maximum solar radiation, and water stress. Leaf water potential decreased from morning to afternoon, with a greater decrease observed for N plants. Midafternoon stomatal closure did not occur in N plants with very large root systems following a heavy rain which saturated the soil profile. With smaller root systems and greater evaporative demand from larger shoots, the I plants continued to show midafternoon stress following the heavy rain. The large root systems of the N plants absorbed sufficient water to meet shoot evaporative demand for several days following the rain. Root soil system resistance apparently contributed to the aftemoon water stress in the I plants.-11 bars may affect photosynthesis through stomatal closure. Thus, leaf water status, particularly turgor, can affect photosynthetic carbon fixation rate.For maximum photosynthetic productivity, leaves must maintain turgor by obtaining sufficient water from the xylem to replace evaporative loss (9). The xylem, in turn, obtains water by root absorption from soil reserves. If the water supply is not adequate, leaves will initiate stomatal closure, thus limiting photosynthesis. Ishihara et al. (14) noted that leaf water stress induced stomatal closure even in rice plants growing in flooded paddies. The time of stomatal closure coincided with periods of high temperature and maximum solar radiation, conditions which would otherwise facilitate maximum photosynthetic rates (13). Because the rice roots grew in standing water, any reduction in leaf water potential under conditions of high evaporative demand implies that water movement from soil to and through roots and the xylem transport system was too slow.Maintenance of an active root system requires continued growth into new regions of soil to replace older roots which become suberized or die. Thus, continued growth of both shoot and root systems must be coordinated and regulated as the plant adapts to its environment during the growing season (22). The regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood at present (5); this study was initiated to determine effects ofdiurnal and long term water stress on soybean shoot and root growth.Inasmuch as photosynthetic rate is a function of temperature and PPFD3, the highest CO2 fixation rates should be measured during midafternoon when light intensity and temperature reach their daily maximum, provided all other factors are...

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The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Behaviour of Stomata in the Rice Plant : 1. On the measurement of the stomatal aperture

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice

The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice

Stomatal patchiness in Mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls

Soybean Adaptation to Water Stress at Selected Stages of Growth

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