The relationship between dysphagia and frailty among Chinese hospitalized older patients: a serial mediation model through self-perceived oral health and self-reported nutritional status

Abstract

Background Frailty contributes to adverse outcomes in older adults and places a heavy burden on healthcare resources. Dysphagia is associated with frailty, but the mechanisms by which dysphagia affects frailty in older adults are unclear. This study aimed to investigate a serial mediating effect of self-perceived oral health and self-reported nutritional status in the relationship between dysphagia and frailty among hospitalized older patients in China. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1200 patients aged ≥ 65 years in the Department of Geriatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital. A structured face-to-face interview was used to survey the following questionnaires: General Information Questionnaire, Tilburg Frailty Indicators (TFI), Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10), 30mL Water Swallow Test (WST), Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), and Short-Form Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF). A total of 980 participants with complete data were included in the analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 28.0 software. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis of study variables. The results of the multivariate linear regression analysis for frailty were used as covariates in the mediation analysis, and the structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the mediating effects among the study variables. Results Dysphagia, self-perceived oral health, self-reported nutritional status, and frailty were significantly correlated (P<0.001). Dysphagia was found to directly affect frailty (β = 0.161, 95%CI = 0.089 to 0.235) and through three significant mediation pathways: (1) the path through self-perceived oral health (β = 0.169, 95%CI = 0.120 to 0.221), accounting for 36.98% of the total effect; (2) the path through self-reported nutritional status (β = 0.050, 95%CI = 0.023 to 0.082), accounting for 10.94% of the total effect; (3) the path through self-perceived oral health and self-reported nutritional status (β = 0.077, 95%CI = 0.058 to 0.102), accounting for 16.85% of the total effect. The total mediation effect was 64.77%. Conclusions This study indicated that dysphagia was significantly associated with frailty. Self-perceived oral health and self-reported nutritional status were serial mediators of this relationship. Improving the oral health and nutritional status of hospitalized older patients may prevent or delay the frailty caused by dysphagia.

Combined systematic screening for malnutrition and dysphagia in hospitalized older adults: a scoping review

“…The professional groups carrying out the screenings were reported in only 6 studies (Nursing staff/study nurse: Cabre et al 2010; Carrión et al 2015; Mateos-Nozal et al 2017; Shimazu et al 2020; SLT: Crary et al 2006; Moncayo-Hernandéz et al 2023) [ 10 , 43 – 46 , 49 ]; 7 studies used exclusively self-reported tools (Manas-Martinez et al 2018; Matsuo et al 2017; Popman et al 2016; Tran et al 2021; Vidal Casariego et al 2020; Wakabayashi & Matsuhima 2016; Wham et al 2017) [ 41 , 47 , 50 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 67 ] and the remaining 14 did not specify the profession [ 13 , 42 , 48 , 51 – 56 , 59 , 61 , 68 – 70 ].…”