The relationship between displacement and length of faults: a review

Kim, Young‐Seog; Sanderson, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.003

Cited by 422 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Individual blind faults have symmetrical and directionally skewed displacement-distance (t-x) plots in the fault initiation stage (Figure 1.5c). Displacement profiles may vary from mesa-type, cone-type to hybrid profiles comprising both C-and M-types (Kim and Sanderson, 2005;Muraoka and Kamata, 1983). The position of dmax for C-type profiles corresponds to the nucleation point where fault propagation was initiated (Mansfield and Cartwright, 1996).…”

Section: Analysis Of Fault Nucleation Growth Linkage and Reactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

Mohammedyasin

Lippard

Omosanya

et al. 2016

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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High-quality 3D seismic data are used to analyze the history of fault growth and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Field, southwestern Barents Sea. The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of tectonic fracturing as a mechanism driving fluid-flow in the study area. To achieve this aim, an integrated approach including seismic interpretation, multiple seismic attribute analysis, fault modeling and displacement analysis was used.The six major faults in the study area are dip-slip normal faults which are characterized by complex lateral and vertical segmentation. The three main episodes of fault reactivation interpreted were in late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian), early Cretaceous and Paleocene times. Fault reactivation in the study area is mainly through dip-linkage. Throw-distance plots of the representative faults also revealed along-strike linkage and multi-skewed C-type profiles. The throw profiles show that faults in the study area evolved through polycyclic activity involving both blind propagation, syn-sedimentary activity and that they have their maximum displacement at the reservoir zone. The expansion and growth indices provide evidence for coeval fault activity with sedimentation and interaction of the faults with a free surface during their evolution.

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Section: Analysis Of Fault Nucleation Growth Linkage and Reactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

Mohammedyasin

Lippard

Omosanya

et al. 2016

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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“…Starting in the 1980s many workers have attempted to infer the earthquake potential of large continental faults from their surface length and displacement (see Kim and Sanderson, 2005 for a review). As a result, over the past two decades several empirical relationships between earthquake magnitude and the extent of surface ruptures have been developed (e.g., Wells and Coppersmith, 1994;Wesnousky, 2008) and have since become the most popular analytical tool in earthquake geology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)

et al. 2014

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Abstract.Over the past few years the assessment of the earthquake potential of large continental faults has increasingly relied on field investigations. State-of-the-art seismic hazard models are progressively complementing the information derived from earthquake catalogs with geological observations of active faulting. Using these observations, however, requires full understanding of the relationships between seismogenic slip at depth and surface deformation, such that the evidence indicating the presence of a large, potentially seismogenic fault can be singled out effectively and unambiguously.We used observations and models of the 6 April 2009, M w 6.3, L'Aquila, normal faulting earthquake to explore the relationships between the activity of a large fault at seismogenic depth and its surface evidence. This very well-documented earthquake is representative of mid-size yet damaging earthquakes that are frequent around the Mediterranean basin, and was chosen as a paradigm of the nature of the associated geological evidence, along with observational difficulties and ambiguities.Thanks to the available high-resolution geologic, geodetic and seismological data aided by analog modeling, we reconstructed the full geometry of the seismogenic source in relation to surface and sub-surface faults. We maintain that the earthquake was caused by seismogenic slip in the range 3-10 km depth, and that the slip distribution was strongly controlled by inherited discontinuities. We also contend that faulting was expressed at the surface by pseudo-primary breaks resulting from coseismic crustal bending and by sympathetic slip on secondary faults.Based on our results we propose a scheme of normal fault hierarchization through which all surface occurrences related to faulting at various depths can be interpreted in the framework of a single, mechanically coherent model. We stress that appreciating such complexity is crucial to avoiding severe over-or under-estimation of the local seismogenic potential.

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“…Structural geologists use along-strike and along-dip profiles to: (1) study fault displacement versus length scaling laws (Kim and Sanderson, 2005), (2) distinguish post-and syn-sedimentary faults (Baudon and Cartwright, 2008) and investigate fault growth history (Giba et al, 2012), and (3) guide the interpretation of faulted structures when little data is available (Barnett et al, 1987;Freeman et al, 1990),…”

Section: Fault Displacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The displacement on the fault surface is assumed to be maximum near the fault center, and to decrease slowly toward an ellipsoidal fault tip line (Figure 1.a,b). This theoretical displacement distribution is widely accepted for isolated blind normal faults , 1988, 1989Nicol et al, 1996;Kim and Sanderson, 2005;Osagiede et al, 2014) and has been used to validate or to create valid interpretations of poorly seismically imaged isolated faults (Chapman and Meneilly, 1990;Freeman et al, 1990). Several authors have also integrated fault kinematics, i.e., the distribution of the slip on and close to the fault surface, directly into the modeling process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A parametric fault displacement model to introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data

et al. 2018

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Fault-related displacements impact oil and gas flow predictions at reservoir scales. In this contribution, we integrate a quantitative description of fault-related deformation directly embedded into the structural modeling workflow. Consistent fault displacements are produced by using numerical fault operators that deform horizons in accordance with theoretical isolated fault displacement models to generate kinematically consistent structural models.We compare structural modeling approaches based on such fault operators with those relying on interpolation. Several synthetic cross-sections are generated from a reference high-resolution structural model of the Santos Basin, Brazil. Models are reconstructed from this 2D synthetic sparse dataset using both methods. Their ability to produce consistent structural models is assessed by comparing reconstructed and reference models. On this example, kinematic modeling improves the quality of automatically generated models when only few and poor quality observations are available, thus reducing the time needed for structural validation.

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The relationship between displacement and length of faults: a review

Cited by 422 publications

References 68 publications

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)

A parametric fault displacement model to introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data

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The relationship between displacement and length of faults: a review

Cited by 422 publications

References 68 publications

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

Deep-seated faults and hydrocarbon leakage in the Snøhvit Gas Field, Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern Barents Sea

On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6.3)

A parametric fault displacement model to introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data

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Product

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On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 6.3)