The relationship between childhood gender nonconformity, aversive childhood experiences, and mental health in heterosexual and non‐heterosexual cisgender men: The buffering effect of sense of coherence

Abstract

Childhood gender nonconformity (CGNC) seems to be associated with more mental health problems in adulthood. Previous research has suggested that this link might be mediated via the increased risk for aversive childhood experiences (ACEs) as a negative social reaction to CGNC. However, no study yet examined the role of resilience factors in this relationship. The present study aims to address this gap by examining the potential buffering effect of sense of coherence (SOC). In a German sample of 371 cisgender men, we used mediation models to investigate the relationship between CGNC, ACEs, and mental health problems in adulthood, that is, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and suicidal behavior. We then employed moderated mediation models to examine the buffering effect of SOC on the association ACEs and mental health problems. The results showed that higher levels of CGNC were associated with more severe adult mental health problems, with this link being partially mediated by higher levels of ACEs. For depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in the last 12 months, we found evidence of a buffering effect of SOC. Higher levels of SOC were associated with a weaker association between ACEs and mental health problems. In contrast, this effect was absent for loneliness and lifetime suicidal behavior. Our study provides evidence that ACEs partly account for the relationship between CGNC and mental health in adulthood. Moreover, we found support for SOC having a buffering effect on this link. Future studies need to examine whether SOC might be an important target for resilience training in those experiencing CGNC. However, sustainable interventions may rather address the negative social reactions to CGNC.

The Relationship Between Gender Nonconformity and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Most research has assumed that GNC does not drive mental health problems. Rather, negative social experiences following GNC, resulting from prejudice and their consequences, are the source of mental health problems (Issler et al, 2023;Martin-Storey, 2016). Reviews on the relationship between GNC and victimization experiences have suggested a small relationship between the two (Hu et al, PREPRINT -not peer-reviewed 2023; Thoma et al, 2021).…”

“…Reviews on the relationship between GNC and victimization experiences have suggested a small relationship between the two (Hu et al, PREPRINT -not peer-reviewed 2023; Thoma et al, 2021). In addition, primary studies (e.g., Issler et al, 2023;Zhao et al, 2021) investigating this model have found a mediating effect of victimization experiences on the association between GNC and mental health. However, most studies have used a cross-sectional design, so causal conclusions could not be drawn.…”