The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists

Marsh, Anthony P.; Martin, Philip E.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199502000-00011

Cited by 114 publications

(124 citation statements)

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“…For example, Sarre and co-workers (2003) found that RF EMG decreased with increased cadence and was higher at 60 rpm than any other cadence tested (up to ϳ115 rpm) at 297 and 371 W. In contrast, Ericson et al (1985) and Neptune et al (1997) determined that RF EMG was uninfluenced between 40 and 100 rpm at 120 W and between 45 and 120 rpm at 250 W, respectively. In the present results RF intensity displayed a parabolic relationship with cadence at high power outputs, similar to other studies (MacIntosh et al 2000;Marsh and Martin 1995), with the curvature decreased to an exponential relationship at 100 W (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Evidence suggests that individual muscles exhibit workloaddependent relationships between muscle excitation and cadence (MacIntosh et al 2000), which may explain the discrepancies as a wide range of workloads were employed. The timing of muscle excitation has also been shown to be affected by cadence, with several muscles exhibiting a phase advance and/or larger duty cycle with increasing cadence (Baum and Li 2003;Dorel et al 2012;Marsh and Martin 1995;Neptune et al 1997;Samozino et al 2007;Lepers 2005, 2007;Wakeling and Horn 2009), and both influenced (Sarre and Lepers 2007) and not influenced (Jorge and Hull 1986) by workload, but relatively little research has been completed in this area.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands

Blake

Wakeling

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Blake OM, Wakeling JM. Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands. J Neurophysiol 114: 3283-3295, 2015. First published October 7, 2015 doi:10.1152/jn.00765.2015.-This study investigated the influence of cycle frequency and workload on muscle coordination and the ensuing relationship with mechanical efficiency and power output of human limb movement. Eleven trained cyclists completed an array of cycle frequency (cadence)-power output conditions while excitation from 10 leg muscles and power output were recorded. Mechanical efficiency was maximized at increasing cadences for increasing power outputs and corresponded to muscle coordination and muscle fiber type recruitment that minimized both the total muscle excitation across all muscles and the ineffective pedal forces. Also, maximum efficiency was characterized by muscle coordination at the top and bottom of the pedal cycle and progressive excitation through the uniarticulate knee, hip, and ankle muscles. Inefficiencies were characterized by excessive excitation of biarticulate muscles and larger duty cycles. Power output and efficiency were limited by the duration of muscle excitation beyond a critical cadence (120 -140 rpm), with larger duty cycles and disproportionate increases in muscle excitation suggesting deteriorating muscle coordination and limitations of the activation-deactivation capabilities. Most muscles displayed systematic phase shifts of the muscle excitation relative to the pedal cycle that were dependent on cadence and, to a lesser extent, power output. Phase shifts were different for each muscle, thereby altering their mechanical contribution to the pedaling action. This study shows that muscle coordination is a key determinant of mechanical efficiency and power output of limb movement across a wide range of mechanical demands and that the excitation and coordination of the muscles is limited at very high cycle frequencies. electromyography; excitation; power output; cadence; cycling; motor control HUMAN LIMB MOVEMENT IS ACHIEVED through interactions between the neuromuscular and skeletal systems. Movement performance is commonly measured by the resultant mechanical efficiency (ratio of mechanical power output to metabolic power) and power output, both of which are significantly influenced by the coordinated excitation of individual muscles and the coordination of that excitation between muscles Dorel et al. 2012;Samozino et al. 2007;Wakeling et al. 2010). Therefore, investigating movement performance requires a comprehensive understanding of how the individual muscle excitations and the coordination between muscles (muscle coordination) change in response to the demands.Mechanical demands such as workload and movement velocity can be uncoupled during cycling (Wakeling et al. 2006;Wakeling and Horn 2009), making it an appropriate model to investigate the effects of mechanical demands on individual muscle excitation and muscle coordination and the resultant performan...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands

Blake

Wakeling

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Although no specific analysis of muscular parameters has been conducted in the current investigation, the change in neuromuscular activity of peripheral skeletal muscles remains an attractive hypothesis to explain the decrement in running performance after the VI ride. Selected lower extremity muscles such as rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and soleus have been reported to be substantially recruited during cycling (Citterio and Agostini 1984;Marsh and Martin 1995;Takaishi et al 1996) and running (Bijker et al 2002;Borrani et al 2001), suggesting that any changes in recruitment of these muscles during prior cycling may affect running performance. During isolated cycling exercises, an increased activity of quadriceps and soleus muscles (from the EMG method) has been observed with increasing PO in a non-fatigued state (Citterio et Agostini 1984;Marsh and Martin 1995;Takaishi et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selected lower extremity muscles such as rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and soleus have been reported to be substantially recruited during cycling (Citterio and Agostini 1984;Marsh and Martin 1995;Takaishi et al 1996) and running (Bijker et al 2002;Borrani et al 2001), suggesting that any changes in recruitment of these muscles during prior cycling may affect running performance. During isolated cycling exercises, an increased activity of quadriceps and soleus muscles (from the EMG method) has been observed with increasing PO in a non-fatigued state (Citterio et Agostini 1984;Marsh and Martin 1995;Takaishi et al 1996). One may speculate that during the repeated increases in power output experienced during the VI ride, there was a greater recruitment of these muscles, and associated changes in their contractile properties, resulting in an increased level of muscular fatigue during the subsequent run.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant versus variable-intensity during cycling: effects on subsequent running performance

Berthet

Vercruyssen²,

Mazure³

et al. 2006

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic responses to variable versus constantintensity (CI) during 20-km cycling on subsequent 5-km running performance. Ten triathletes, not only completed one incremental cycling test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic power (MAP), but also three various cycle-run (C-R) combinations conducted in outdoor conditions. During the C-R sessions, subjects performed first a 20-km cycletime trial with a freely chosen intensity (FCI, ~80% MAP) followed by a 5-km run performance. Subsequently, triathletes were required to perform in a random order, two C-R sessions including either a CI, corresponding to the mean power of FCI ride, or a variable-intensity (VI) during cycling with power changes ranging from 68 to 92% MAP, followed immediately by a 5-km run. Metabolic responses and performances were measured during the C-R sessions. Running performance was significantly improved after CI ride (1118 ± 72 s) compared to those after FCI ride (1134 ± 64 s) or VI ride (1168 ± 73 s) despite similar metabolic responses and performances reported during the three cycling bouts. Moreover, metabolic variables were not significantly different between the run sessions in our triathletes. Given the lack of significant differences in metabolic responses between the C-R sessions, the improvement in running time after FCI and CI rides compared to VI ride suggests that other mechanisms, such as changes in neuromuscular activity of peripheral skeletal muscle or muscle fatigue, probably contribute to the influence of power output variation on subsequent running performance.

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“…Numerous studies have reported muscular activation during pedaling using EMG analysis (19,54,76). For example, Ericson et al (19) have quantified the activation of thigh muscles during ergometer cycling as recorded by EMG in recreationally-active students.…”

Section: Muscle Activity During Pedalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

Ozaki¹,

Loenneke²,

Thiebaud³

et al. 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Cycle training is widely performed as a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. However, the effect of cycle training on muscle size and strength gain still requires further insight, even though it is known that professional cyclists display larger muscle size compared to controls. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of cycle training on muscle size and strength of the lower extremity and the possible mechanisms for increasing muscle size with cycle training. It is plausible that cycle training requires a longer period to significantly increase muscle size compared to typical resistance training due to a much slower hypertrophy rate. Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy similarly between young and older age groups, while strength gain seems to favor older adults, which suggests that the probability for improving in muscle quality appears to be higher in older adults compared to young adults. For young adults, higher-intensity intermittent cycling may be required to achieve strength gains. It also appears that muscle hypertrophy induced by cycle training results from the positive changes in muscle protein net balance.Keywords: aerobic exercise, muscular adaptation, lower body, cycling, ergometer Endurance training is a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. Another major part of exercise programming is strength/ resistance training, which improves muscle morphology. Thus to improve muscular strength and cardiovascular fitness in young, middle-aged and older populations, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends combining training intensity, volume, and frequency to optimize muscle hypertrophy and strength gain as well as aerobic capacity (V O 2 max) (23). However, the vigorous training intensity and/or high training frequency might hinder some older adults from participating in this type of training program. Interestingly, recent studies have reported concurrent improvements in V O 2 max and muscle hypertrophy in young and older populations after single exercise training (27,62,64,65). These single exercise modes include ambulatory exercise (walking, jogging, and running), cycling, and swimming.

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The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists

Cited by 114 publications

References 0 publications

Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands

Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands

Constant versus variable-intensity during cycling: effects on subsequent running performance

Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

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