The relationship between brain injury criteria and brain strain across different types of head impacts can be different

Zhan, Xianghao; Li, Yi‐Heng; Liu, Yuzhe; Domel, August G.; Alizadeh, Hossein Vahid; Raymond, Samuel; Ruan, Jesse; Barbat, Saeed; Tiernan, Stephen; Gevaert, Olivier; Zeineh, Michael; Grant, Gerald A.; Camarillo, David B.

doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0260

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…To date, the best predictors of human brain injury are the peak regional brain strain (specifically the maximal principal strain -MPS) and axonal strain 29,[31][32][33] , followed by the peak rotational velocity and acceleration (PRV and PRA) 28,34 . Recent developments in finite element (FE) modelling and machine learning have made it possible to generate both peak strain values 35,36 and 3D maps of voxel-wise brain strain 37,38 resulting from an impact instantly instead of the several hours, and prohibitively large computational power, conventional FE simulations require.…”

Section: /15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of soft-shelled rugby headgear to lower regional brain strain metrics during standard drop tests

Stitt,

Kabaliuk,

Alexander

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background The growing concern for player safety in rugby has led to an increased focus on head impacts. Previous laboratory studies have shown that rugby headgear significantly reduces peak linear and rotational accelerations compared to no headgear. However, these metrics may have limited relevance in assessing the effectiveness of headgear in preventing strain-based brain injuries like concussions. This study used a rapid estimation finite element model to quantify regional brain strain mitigation of rugby headgear during drop tests. Tests were conducted on flat and angled impact surfaces across different heights, using a Hybrid III headform and neck. Results Headgear presence generally reduced the peak rotational velocities, with some headgear outperforming others. However, the effect on peak regional brain strains was less consistent. Of the 5 headgear tested, only 2 consistently reduced the peak regional brain strains, but in general only marginally, and in isolated cases, resulted in an increase in the peak regional brain strain. The 3 conventional headgear showed no consistent reduction in the peak regional brain strain while in some conditions, increasing the peak strain. Conclusions The presence of rugby headgear may be able to reduce the severity of head impact exposure during rugby. However, to understand how these findings relate to brain strain mitigation in the field, further investigation into the relationship between the impact conditions in this study and those encountered during actual gameplay is necessary.

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Section: /15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of soft-shelled rugby headgear to lower regional brain strain metrics during standard drop tests

Stitt,

Kabaliuk,

Alexander

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Head impact severity can be objectively described using linear and angular head kinematics to derive kinematic-based injury criteria or can serve as an input to finite element models that estimate the strain-based response of the brain tissue as a result of the impact event [ 12 – 14 ]. However, until recent advances in instrumented mouthguards (iMG), there have been limitations in the accuracy of on-field monitoring of head kinematics [ 15 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Acceleration Events in Male Community Rugby Players: An Observational Cohort Study across Four Playing Grades, from Under-13 to Senior Men

Bussey,

Salmon,

Romanchuk

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the cumulative head acceleration event (HAE) exposure in male rugby players from the Under-13 (U13) to senior club level over 4 weeks of matches and training during the 2021 community rugby season. Methods This prospective, observational cohort study involved 328 male rugby players. Players were representative of four playing grades: U13 (N = 60, age 12.5 ± 0.6 years), U15 (N = 100, age 14.8 ± 0.9 years), U19 (N = 78, age 16.9 ± 0.7 years) and Premier senior men (N = 97, age 22.5 ± 3.1 years). HAE exposure was tracked across 48 matches and 113 training sessions. HAEs were recorded using boil-and-bite instrumented mouthguards (iMGs). The study assessed the incidence and prevalence of HAEs by ages, playing positions, and session types (match or training). Results For all age grades, weekly match HAE incidence was highest at lower magnitudes (10–29 g). Proportionally, younger players experienced higher weekly incidence rates during training. The U19 players had 1.36 times the risk of high-magnitude (> 30 g) events during matches, while the U13 players had the lowest risk compared with all other grades. Tackles and rucks accounted for the largest HAE burden during matches, with forwards having 1.67 times the risk of > 30 g HAEs in rucks compared with backs. Conclusions This study provides novel data on head accelerations during rugby matches and training. The findings have important implications for identifying populations at greatest risk of high cumulative and acute head acceleration. Findings may guide training load management and teaching of skill execution in high-risk activities, particularly for younger players who may be exposed to proportionally more contact during training and for older players during matches.

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“…The application of CM based injury criteria involves the numerical simulation of head motion of a traumatic event of interest followed by a comparison of the predicted strain ( ) and strain rate ( 9 ) from the model with critical values for injury. Some measures of strain that are widely used in CM based injury criteria are the peak maximum principal strain (MPS), maximum axonal strain (MAS) or tract-oriented strain, and the cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Determining the measures of strain and strain rate that are most pertinent for mTBI and determining their critical values, i.e., the values at which the risk of injury becomes significant, is an active area of research [8,15,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

Yang¹,

Fang²,

Carlsen³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Rotational head motions have been shown to play a key role in traumatic brain injury. There is great interest in developing methods to rapidly predict brain tissue strains and strain rates resulting from rotational head motions to estimate brain injury risk and to guide the design of protective equipment. Idealized continuum mechanics based head models provide an attractive approach for rapidly estimating brain strains and strain rates. These models are capable of capturing the wave dynamics and transient response of the brain while being significantly easier and faster to apply compared to more sophisticated and detailed finite element head models. In this work, we present a new idealized continuum mechanics based head model that accounts for the head's finite rotation, which is an improvement upon prior models that have been based on a small rotation assumption. Despite the simplicity of the model, we show that the proposed 2D elastic finite rotation head model predicts comparable strains to a more detailed finite element head model, demonstrating the potential usefulness of the model in rapidly estimating brain injury risk. This newly proposed model can serve as a basis for introducing finite rotations into more sophisticated head models in the future.

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The relationship between brain injury criteria and brain strain across different types of head impacts can be different

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Potential of soft-shelled rugby headgear to lower regional brain strain metrics during standard drop tests

Potential of soft-shelled rugby headgear to lower regional brain strain metrics during standard drop tests

Head Acceleration Events in Male Community Rugby Players: An Observational Cohort Study across Four Playing Grades, from Under-13 to Senior Men

A finite rotation, small strain 2D elastic head model, with applications in mild traumatic brain injury

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