The Relationship between Birth Weight Leptin and Bone Mineral Status in Newborn Infants

Peng

et al. 2011

Biol Trace Elem Res

The aim of the present study was to find out the effects of boron on ostrich chicks fed with 0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l, and 400 mg/l of additional boron in water. We measured bone mineral density (BMD), perimeter, length, weight, ash content of ostrich tibias, thickness of cortical bone, and diameter of the marrow cavity. We also analyzed the apoptosis status of paraffin sections using a TUNEL kit and examined serum levels of leptin and estradiol (E(2)). The results were dramatic. Compared with the control group, group C had a very high BMD. The serum levels of leptin in groups C and D were significantly higher than control values, and the levels of E(2) fluctuated. The perimeter, length, weight, and ash content of ostrich tibias all increased significantly with increasing dosage of boron. The cross-section analysis revealed that the bone marrow cavity shifted closer to one side in group D, which was observed on a macro-scale. This shift may be related to the toxicity of excessive boron, as indicated by the apoptosis status. According to the present data, additional boron was helpful for ostrich chick bone development, and 200 mg/l supplement boron in the drinking water appeared to be the most beneficial.

Section: Serum Hormones and Bone Developmentsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effect of Additional Boron on Tibias of African Ostrich Chicks

Peng

et al. 2011

Biol Trace Elem Res

“…Further studies are required to elucidate the functions of OPG and RANKL, as well as the role of several other emerging markers [34] , in bone metabolism during the perinatal period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Osteoprotegerin and sRANKL Concentrations in the Perinatal Period at Term

Briana¹,

Boutsikou²,

Baka³

et al. 2009

Neonatology

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with low bone mass in infancy and increased risk for osteoporosis development in adult life. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) are main determinants of bone resorption. Objectives: To investigate OPG and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) concentrations in maternal, fetal and neonatal serum of IUGR patients and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies. Additionally, plasma intact parathormone (PTH) concentrations were evaluated. Methods: Circulating OPG, sRANKL and PTH concentrations were measured in 40 mothers and their singleton full-term fetuses-neonates (AGA: n = 20, and IUGR: n =20) on postnatal days 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Results: No significant differences in OPG, sRANKL or PTH concentrations were observed between AGA and IUGR groups. In both groups, maternal OPG concentrations were elevated compared with fetal, and N1 and N4 concentrations (p ≤ 0.045 in all cases). N4 sRANKL concentrations were elevated compared with maternal, fetal and N1 ones (p ≤ 0.01 in all cases). Fetal and N1 sRANKL concentrations correlated positively with PTH levels (r = 0.642, p = 0.024 and r = 0.584, p = 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: The lack of a difference in circulating OPG, sRANKL or PTH concentrations between IUGR cases and AGA controls suggests that the low bone mass of IUGR infants may not be related to higher bone resorption rates. The increased maternal, compared with fetal/neonatal, OPG concentrations may suggest their placental origin. The lower OPG and higher sRANKL concentrations in fetuses and neonates could represent high bone resorption rates.

“…However, the possible ramifications of leptin levels on skeletal acquisition are unclear. While some studies report a positive association between neonatal skeletal size, bone mineral density and umbilical cord blood leptin levels [133], others find no such association [69]. …”

Section: Mechanisms That May Underlie the Skeletal Response To Alterementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of pre- and peri-natal nutrition on skeletal acquisition and maintenance

Devlin

Bouxsein

2012

Bone

Early life nutrition has substantial influences on postnatal health, with both under-and overnutrition linked with permanent metabolic changes that alter reproductive and immune function and significantly increase metabolic disease risk in offspring. Since perinatal nutrition depends in part on maternal metabolic condition, maternal diet during gestation and lactation is a risk factor for adult metabolic disease. Such developmental responses may be adaptive, but might also result from constraints on, or pathological changes to, normal physiology. The rising prevalence of both obesity and osteoporosis, and the identification of links among bone, fat, brain, and gut, suggest that obesity and osteoporosis may be related, and moreover that their roots may lie in early life. Here we focus on evidence for how maternal diet during gestation and lactation affects metabolism and skeletal acquisition in humans and in animal models. We consider the effects of overall caloric restriction, and macronutrient imbalances including high fat, high sucrose, and low protein, compared to normal diet. We then discuss potential mechanisms underlying the skeletal responses, including perinatal developmental programming via disruption of the perinatal leptin surge and/or epigenetic changes, to highlight unanswered questions and identify the most critical areas for future research.