The Relationship Between Bacterial Growth and Phage Production

Krueger, A. P.; Fong, Jacob

doi:10.1085/jgp.21.2.137

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The effect of pH on production of phage particles has been documented (8,14,19). The current study is in agreement with earlier observations but offers a simple, routine procedure for overcoming the pH problem for preparation of large volumes of lactic bacteriophages in high titer.…”

Section: Preliminary Experiments Demonstrated That Thesupporting

confidence: 90%

Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

Nyiendo¹,

Seidler²,

Sandine³

et al. 1974

Applied Microbiology

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Various techniques were employed for preparation of high-titer bacteriophage lysates of Streptococcus lactis, S. cremoris, and S. diacetilactis strains. Infection of a 4-h host culture in litmus milk at 30 C yielded the highest titers (2 x 109 to 4 x 1011 plaque-forming units/ml) for most phages. Host infection in lactose-containing broth produced similar virus numbers only when 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer stabilized the pH. The pH at the time of infection as well as the inoculum phage titer were critical in obtaining high titers. Optimum conditions for infection in broth were coupled with a polyethylene glycol concentration procedure to routinely produce milligram quantities of phage from 1 liter of lysate. Neutralization of whey lysates, as a means of storage, offered no survival advantage over unneutralized samples. Storage of phage lysates in a 15% glycerol whey solution at-22 C yielded a high rate of survival in most cases, even with repeated freezing and thawing, over a period of 24 months.

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Section: Preliminary Experiments Demonstrated That Thesupporting

confidence: 90%

Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

Nyiendo¹,

Seidler²,

Sandine³

et al. 1974

Applied Microbiology

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“…also Quercin and Dirkx, 1951). This also agrees with the fact that in some cases phage is released, before lysis commences (Krueger and Fong, 1937;Wahl, 1946;Price, 1949Price, a, 1952, while with very high phage concentrations, lysis commences very rapidly, before any phage is formed (Northrop and Krueger, 1930;Northrop, 1938;Delbriick, 1940).…”

Section: Growth Rate Phage Yield Lysis Time Volume and Compossupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In the absence of Mg ++ very little phage is produced, although the cells grow (Northrop, 1952). The value of the constant connecting the rate of RNA production to that of phage production, therefore, varies with the media used (Krueger, 1937;Krueger and Fong, 1937), but is independent of the growth rate of the cells, in the same media. Effect of Growth Rate of Cells, Concentration of Cells, and Composition of the Media, on Phage Yield.--The experiments described above were made with growing cultures, so that the concentration of the cells, the growth rate of the cells, and the composition of the media all varied from one sample to another, although they were nearly constant during the course of any one phage yield determination.…”

Section: Kpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Phage Production of B. Megatherium

Northrop

1953

Journal of General Physiology

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I. Lysogenic B. megatherium 899a (de Jong, 1931) produces two types of phage (Gratia, 1936 c) T and C. The T phage forms cloudy plaques and gives rise to fresh lysogenic strains (Gratia, 1936 b) when added to the sensitive strain of megatherium. It may or may not cause lysis, depending on the media (Northrop, 1951). The C phage occurs very rarely) forms clear plaques, does not give rise to lysogenic strains, and causes complete lysis of the sensitive strain under all conditions tested, provided infection occurs. If C phage is added to the sensitive strain, and the mixture allowed to stand, or made into a hanging drop preparation, the infected cells stop growing and lyse completely after 60 to 80 minutes with the liberation of from 50 to 200 phage particles per cell. If, however, C phage is added to a rapidly growing culture of B. megatherium and the suspension shaken at 34°, the cells continue to grow and divide for 50 to 60 minutes, after infection has occurred. They then lyse, with the liberation of from 1000 to 2500 phage particles per cell. II. The following determinations have been made on megatherium sensitive cells growing in 5 per cent peptone at different stages of growth. (1) Growth rate of infected and uninfected cells; (2) RNA, DNA, and protein content; (3) volume of the cell; (4) phage yield per cell by plaque count; (5) phage yield per cell by cell and plaque count; (6) lysis time. The growth rate decreases as the cell concentration increases. The lysis time and the protein N per cell are nearly independent of the growth rate; all the other values increase as the growth rate increases. The ratio See PDF for Equation is nearly constant. RNA and DNA per cell increase less rapidly than the volume, so that NA per unit volume is not constant, but decreases as the size of the cell increases. The phage yield measured under conditions in which the infected cells do not grow (by plaque count) is very nearly proportional to the size of the cell. The phage yield per cell, under conditions in which the infected cells do grow, increases more rapidly than the size of the cells. The phage yield per cell under these conditions may be calculated by the equation See PDF for Equation The determining factor for the variation in phage yield is the growth rate of the cells. This, in turn, is determined by the composition of the medium. III. The growth and phage production of megatherium 899a have been determined in the presence of the following substances: aureomycin, bacitracin, chloromycetin, gramicidin, Merck AB631, Merck AB191, Merck AB624, penicillin, streptomycin, terramycin, tyrothricin, usnic acid, acetone, chloroform, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, gentian violet, glycerin, maleic hydrazide, methyl alcohol, phenyl mercuric acetate, sodium fluoride, sulfanilamide, toluene, and urethane. In every case, the lowest concentration of the substance which completely inhibits growth, is also the lowest concentration which completely inhibits phage production. One antibiotic, Merck AB81, causes increased phage production in concentrations which partially inhibit growth, and low phage production in concentrations which completely inhibit growth (as determined by turbidity). Short exposure to ultraviolet light also decreases the growth rate, with increase in phage production. Longer exposure, which completely inhibits growth (as determined by turbidity) results in lysis and phage liberation.

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“…From the literature, it is known that some viruses are unaffected by pH = 3 or even less, whereas others are labile at pH o 7 (Krueger & Fong, 1937;Weil et al, 1948;Jin et al, 2005). This difference in pH stability has in some cases been argued to represent adaption to a way of life (Rueckert, 1996).…”

Section: Case Study 6: Impact Of Ocean Acidification On Marine Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine viruses and global climate change

et al. 2011

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Sea-surface warming, sea-ice melting and related freshening, changes in circulation and mixing regimes, and ocean acidification induced by the present climate changes are modifying marine ecosystem structure and function and have the potential to alter the cycling of carbon and nutrients in surface oceans. Changing climate has direct and indirect consequences on marine viruses, including cascading effects on biogeochemical cycles, food webs, and the metabolic balance of the ocean. We discuss here a range of case studies of climate change and the potential consequences on virus function, viral assemblages and virus-host interactions. In turn, marine viruses influence directly and indirectly biogeochemical cycles, carbon sequestration capacity of the oceans and the gas exchange between the ocean surface and the atmosphere. We cannot yet predict whether the viruses will exacerbate or attenuate the magnitude of climate changes on marine ecosystems, but we provide evidence that marine viruses interact actively with the present climate change and are a key biotic component that is able to influence the oceans' feedback on climate change. Long-term and wide spatial-scale studies, and improved knowledge of host-virus dynamics in the world's oceans will permit the incorporation of the viral component into future ocean climate models and increase the accuracy of the predictions of the climate change impacts on the function of the oceans.

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The Relationship Between Bacterial Growth and Phage Production

Cited by 27 publications

References 6 publications

Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

Preparation and Storage of High-Titer Lactic Streptococcus Bacteriophages1

Growth and Phage Production of B. Megatherium

Marine viruses and global climate change

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