“…Despite variations in what they are and how they operate, municipalities possess features that position them (to varying degrees) to address population health inequities as their responsibilities include culture & leisure, education, environment, health & social services, housing, planning, public safety, transportation, water, and/or waste (Mapar et al, 2017). However, the performance of public sector organizations including municipalities, and the degree to which they focus on the integration of health, safety, and environmental (HSE) determinants to improve the lives of their residents has remained underexplored (Collins and Hayes, 2010;Meroni et al, 2021).…”