The Relationship Between Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Impairmentamong the Elderly in Morocco

Abstract

The Mediterranean Diet has long been regarded as one of thepromising strategies for the prevention of cognitive impairmentand Alzheimer's disease. Aim: This study aimed to determinethe association between adherence to a MedDiet and the riskof cognitive impairment (CI) among the elderly in Morocco.Due to their complete data, a sample of 172 (56.4% men) from 237 subjects were included in our study. Cognitive functions were assessed by the MMSE test (Mini-Mental State Examina- tion). Adherence to a MedDiet was assessed using a validated questionnaire based on weekly consumption of the seven main MedDiet foods: non-refined cereals, potatoes, fruits (whole or in juice), vegetables (cooked or as salad), legumes, fish, olive oil, and three foods consumed less frequently in a MedDiet: red meats, poultry, and full-fat dairy products. A binary logistic regression was performed, with cognitive function as the dependent variable MedDiet adherence score as well as the aliment consumption frequency associated with CI in the bivariate analysis as an independent variable.The binary logistic regression adjusted for confounding vari- ables revealed that adherence to a MedDiet is not associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment (ORa= 0.928; 95% CI; [0.831-1.037]) (ORa: Adjusted Odd Ratio; 95% CI: 95% of Confidence Interval). However, only Olive Oil consumption was a protective factor against CI (ORa= 0.882; 95% CI; [0.815-0.953]).

Association between Mediterranean diet and dementia and Alzheimer disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis

“…Based on the initial screening, 420 records were removed due to different language ( n = 18), non-human studies ( n = 2), non-original work ( n = 23) and focus on different topics ( n = 376), leaving 32 records eligible for inclusion. Based on full-text assessment, 11 records were excluded (reasons for exclusion are detailed in the supplementary Table 3 ) [ 24 – 34 ], resulting in 21 records included in the current systematic review [ 19 , 35 – 54 ]; however, one record did not provide analytical data and, therefore, could not be included in the meta-analysis [ 37 ]. The selection process is shown in Fig.…”

“…of participants df ES (95% CI); p -value I 2 ; p -value Intercept’; p -value Estimated a ES; p -value All type of dementia: including unspecified dementia, Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment All type of dementia b [ 19 , 35 , 36 , 38 – 54 ] 65,955 20 OR^ = 0.96 (0.95–0.97); <0.001 69.55; <0.001 −1.19; 0.005 OR^ = 0.97 (0.95–0.98); <0.001 OR” = 0.89 (0.84–0.94); <0.001 OR” = 0.95 (0.89–1.02); 0.145 All type of dementia c [ 19 , 35 , 36 , 38 – 54 ] 65,955 20 OR^ = 0.96 (0.95–0.97); <0.001 69.94; <0.001 −1.08; 0.013 OR^ = 0.97 (0.95–0.98); <0.001 OR” = 0.89 (0.84–0.95); <0.001 OR” = 0.92 (0.86–0.99); 0.019 All type of dementia cross-sectional [ 36 , 38 , 41 , 48 , 51 , 54 ] 10,029 6 OR^ = 0.92 (0.88–0.96); <0.001 52.25; 0.050 −0.78; 0.394 n.a. …”

“…Almost all continents were represented with Europe with eight studies (Greece n = 3 [ 36 , 39 , 46 ], Sweden n = 2 [ 42 , 49 ], Netherlands n = 1 [ 40 ], France n = 1 [ 19 ], Italy n = 1 [ 48 ]), followed by the United States of America with seven studies [ 43 , 44 , 47 , 50 – 53 ], three studies were conducted in Australia [ 35 , 41 , 45 ], one study was conducted in Brazil [ 37 ], one study in Hong Kong [ 38 ], and one study in Morocco [ 54 ]. Regarding the study period, the first cohort was established in 1970 [ 49 ], while the most recent study was conducted in 2022 [ 35 ].…”

“…Regarding the study period, the first cohort was established in 1970 [ 49 ], while the most recent study was conducted in 2022 [ 35 ]. In terms of study design, half of the included studies were cohort studies ( n = 13) [ 19 , 39 , 40 , 42 – 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 ], followed by cross-sectional studies ( n = 6) [ 35 – 38 , 41 , 54 ], one study performed both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis [ 48 ], and lastly one study is a case–control study nested within a cohort study [ 51 ]. Sample sizes ranged from 96 [ 37 ] to 28,025 participants [ 42 ].…”

“…Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was estimated using different types of scores. In particular, eight studies used the score proposed by Trichopoulou et al [ 19 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 50 – 53 ]; seven studies used the score proposed by Panagiotakos et al [ 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 46 , 47 , 54 ], one study used both scores [ 45 ], two studies used the modified Mediterranean Diet Score (mMDS) [ 42 , 49 ], one study used the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMDS) [ 44 ], one study used the 14-item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) [ 35 ], and one study calculated adherence using defined self-defined score [ 48 ]. Details are given in Table 1 .…”