“…WM is one component of the foundational cognitive system outlined in Miller and Maricle’s (2019) model and is responsible for the short-term storage and manipulation of information (Baddeley, 2007a; Engle et al, 1999). WM plays a significant role in the academic environment, given its need in many important typical academic tasks, such as reading (Giofrè et al, 2018; Peng et al, 2018; Raghubar et al, 2010; Swanson, 1999), math (Allen et al, 2021; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Geary et al, 2004; Peng et al, 2016; Ramirez et al, 2013; Zheng et al, 2011), and writing (Soto et al, 2021), as these activities require that students use WM to simultaneously retain and process relevant information (Alloway & Alloway, 2010; Alloway & Carpenter, 2020; Brandenburg et al, 2015; Gathercole & Alloway, 2008).…”